• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.1145-1157
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• 2003

The surface sediments inside Hallim Harbor, one of the major harbors of Jeju Island, were sampled three times (June, September and December, 2001) and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), recommended by US-EPA as priority pollutants, to assess their distribution levels and to suggest their possible origins. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 19 to 496 ng/g on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 245 ng/g, and the levels were low to moderate in comparison with other areas in the world. Based on comparisons of individual and total PAH concentrations with effects-based and equilibrium partitioning-based on sediment quality guidelines, the potential for the biological effects were expected to be low. The sedimentary PAHs may be correlated with organic carbon and mud contents to some extent. From the examinations of the four PAH origin indices, such as LMW/HMW (low molecular weight 2-3 ring PAHs over high molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio, fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, chrysene/benzo〔a〕anthracene ratio, it can be concluded that the sediment PAH contaminations were ascribed to both pyrolytic and petrogenic origins.

• 공업화학
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.581-588
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• 2021

In this study, soil slurry bioreactors were used to treat soils containing 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 35 days. Five different soil samples were taken from manufactured gas plant (MGP) and coal tar disposal sites. Soil properties, such as carbon content and particle distribution, were measured. These properties were significantly correlated with percent biodegradation and degradation rate. The cumulative amount of PAH degraded (P), degradation rate (K_m), and lag phase (𝜆) constants of PAHs in different MGP soils for 16 PAHs were successfully obtained from nonlinear regression analysis using the Gompertz equation, but only those of naphthalene, anthracene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene are presented in this study. A comparison between total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic PAHs indicated higher maximum amounts of PAH degraded in the former than that in the latter owing to lower partition coefficients and higher water solubilities (S). The degradation rates of total non-carcinogenic compounds for all soils were more than four times higher than those of total carcinogenic compounds. Carcinogenic PAHs have the highest partitioning coefficients (K_oc), resulting in lower bioavailability as the molecular weight (MW) increases. Good linear relationships of K_m, 𝜆, and P with the octanol-water partitioning coefficient (K_ow), MW, and S were used to estimate PAH remaining, lag time, and biodegradation rate for other PAHs.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.341-350
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• 1996

We determined 6 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fluranthene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene). A total of 129 samples has been collected from September 1990 to September 1994 on 2 different types of filters (quartz fiber filter, glass fiber filter) by a PM-10 high volume air sampler at the Kyung Hee University-Suwon campus. The organic components in the PM-10 were extracted by an ultrasonication process with benzene:ethanol(4:1, v/v) prior to the analysis by using a GC/FID. We had also investigated the decaying quantity of 6PAHs at the room temperature. For example, chrysene was decayed by 56.7% after 4 days and benzo(a)anthracene by 84.2% after 30 days. All of PAHs were almost completely decayed after a year. We extensively estimated the decay rates by regression analyses for existing 18 raw data sets. Based on the decay rate constants $(\beta)$, pyrene was rapidly decayed by 19.0 $\times 10^{-2}$/day; on the other hand, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene slowly by 0.7 $\times 10^{-2}$/day. Applying the decay rates of PAHs on stored and dated samples, we could reasonably determine annual and seasonal concentration average of PAHs in particulate matters smaller than 10 $\mu$m.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2014

Catalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil by heme and hydrogen peroxide has been hypothesized to occur through nonspecific catalytic reactions similar to those involving ligninase. The present study examines the evidence for a heme catalytic mechanism for the oxidation of organic compounds. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, heme is converted to the ferryl heme radical (Hm-$Fe^{+4{\cdot}}$), which can oxidize organic compounds, such as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). A second 5-ASA may later be oxidized by ferryl heme (Hm-$Fe^{+4}$), which reverts to the ferric heme state (Hm-$Fe^{+3}$) to complete the cycle. We believe that this catalytic cycle is involved in the degradation of hazardous pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Remediation via heme catalytic reactions of PAHs in soil from a pole yard was evaluated, and about 96% of PAHs was found to disappear within 42 days after treatment with heme and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, benzo[a]pyrene and six other PAHs were undetectable among a total of 16 PAH compounds examined. Therefore, we propose heme catalysis as a novel technology for the remediation of hazardous compounds in contaminated soil.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.413-425
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• 2005

The 16 priority PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) designated by US Environmental Protection Agency were analyzed for some digested sludges from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. PAHs are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge due to their persistence and toxic potential. PAHs were extracted from freeze-dried sludges using a methylene chloride-methanol (2:1) mixture in a soxhlet extractor. The extracts were cleaned-up by silica gel/alumina combination column and subsequently fed into gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) for determining PAH contents. The sum of the 16 PAHs in the sewage sludge varied from 534.8 to $5754.5 {\cal}ug/{\cal}kg$, dry wt.. In the sewage sludge, phenanthrene appears as the most abundant PAHs, followed by naphthalene, pyrene, fluoranthene. Source of the investigated sewage sludges relatively predominated pyrogenic. PAHs levels of sewage sludges in Korea appeared to be lower than those in other countries.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1993

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAMs) are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments. PAHs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills PAHs have been the focus of numerous studies in the world because they owe potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to aquatic organisms and humans from consuming contaminated food. However, one can hardly find any available data on PAM content in marine organisms in Korea. The present study was carried out in order to determine PAH content in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay, which is located in near urban communities and an industrial complex, and the bay is considered to be a major repositories of PAHs. 16 PAHs were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with uv/vis and fluorescence detectors in oysters: they are naphthalene (NPTHL), acenaphthylene (ANCPL), acenaphthene (ACNPN), fluorene (FLURN), phenanthrene (PKEN), anthracene (ANTHR), fluoranthene (FLRTH), pyrene (PYRf), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHRY), benzo(b)- fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a, h)anthracene (DhA), benzo(g, h, i)peryne (Bghip) and indeno(1, 2, 3, -cd)pyrene (I123cdP). The PAH contents in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay ranged from < 0.1 to 992.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg (mean 69.8 $\pm$ 9.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg). Key words . polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, high performance liquid chromatography, oyster, Chinhae Bay.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.22-25
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• 2002

The effect of in-situ chemical oxidation on the indigenous soil microorganisms (total microbes and PAH-degrading microbes) and contaminant removal were investigated. Field soil contaminated with diesel in gas station was collected and the soil was treated from 0 to 900 minutes by in-situ ozonation as chemical remediation. The treated soil samples were incubated with supplying oxygen during the 9 weeks to understand the characteristics of microbes regrowth, damaged by ozone. The sharp decrease of aromatic fraction and TPH was observed within 60 minutes of ozone application and aromatic fraction and TPH then slowly decreased. The phenanthren-degrading bacteria were the most sensitive to ozonation, because 1 hour of ozonation reduced the microbes from 10$^{6}$ CFU/g-soil to below detection limits.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.37-38
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• 2001

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(다환방향족 탄화수소류, 이하 PAHs)는 두 개 이상의 벤젠 고리로 구성되어 있는 반휘발성 유기물질로서 가스상과 입자상에 모두 존재한다. PAHs는 주로 불완전 연소에 의해서 생성되며, 주요 고정 오염원은 주거 난방, 코크 산업, 소각이고, 주요 이동오염원은 자동차 엔진이다. PAHs에는 강한 발암성 혹은 돌연변이원성을 가진 화합물들이 포함되어 있고, 주변 대기에 널리 분포되어 있을 가능성이 높기 때문에 일반 대중이 쉽게 노출될 수 있다. (중략)

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2009

본 연구는 인도산, 중국산, 국내산 참깨를 열풍 건조 후 착유기를 통해 제조한 참기름에서의 PAHs 함량변화와 대형 마트에서 판매되고 있는 참기름에서의 PAHs 함량을 분석하기 위하여 실시하였다. 분석표준물질은 돌연변이원성과 발암성이 있는 것으로 알려진 8가지 PAHs를 선정하여 HPLC/FLD를 이용하여 정성 정량분석을 하였고, 색차계를 이용하여 명도(L), 적색도(a), 황색도(b)를 측정하였다. 분석결과 원산지 별 볶은 후 착유한 참기름에서 PAHs 함량은 볶지 않았을 때보다 유의적으로 증가하였다. 볶지 않은 참기름인 경우 PAHs 함량은 인도산, 중국산, 국내산 순이었다. 인도산 참깨에서 0.95 ${\mu}g$/kg의 PAHs 가 검출되었는데 이는 환경으로부터 PAHs가 생성될 수 있다는 점을 추측할 수 있었다. $250^{\circ}C$에서 25분간 볶은 참기름인 경우 중국산, 국내산, 인도산 순으로 PAHs가 검출되었다. 중국산 참깨에서 PAHs 함량은 3.97 ${\mu}g$/kg으로 볶지 않았을 때보다 약 4배 이상 증가하였다. 중국산 참깨는 다른 원산지 참깨에 비해 볶는 온도와 시간에 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 사료된다. 국내에서 판매되고 있는 참기름 중 PAHs 함량 분석한 결과, PAHs 총 함량은 0.79-2.15 ${\mu}g$/kg으로 검출 되었다. 국내 기준 규격으로 설정되어 있는 Benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene 함량은 0-0.19 ${\mu}g$/kg으로 기준치인 2 ${\mu}g$/kg 이하로 검출되었다. 이는 제조회사에서 PAHs 저감화를 위해 제조과정을 변화시킨 결과로 추측할 수 있다. 원산지 별 참기름과 시중에 판매되는 참기름과의 색도를 비교해 본 결과 $250^{\circ}C$에서 25분 볶은 후 착유한 인도산, 중국산, 국내산 참기름의 명도(L)는 43.31, 41.15, 41.64이었고, 적색도(a)는 13.11, 13.12, 12.48이었고, 황색도(b)는 15.24, 11.87, 11.95이었다. 이는 시중에 판매되는 4종의 참기름과 유사한 색도를 나타내었다. 또한 참기름의 품질평가는 수율, 색도, 향미성분, 지방산 조성 변화를 통해 이뤄지고 있는데, 연구결과를 종합해보면 원산지 별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이에 따라 PAHs 생성량이 적은 국내산과 인도산의 참깨가 참기름원료로 적당하며, PAHs의 생성량이 많은 중국산 참깨에 대한 보다 많은 모니터링 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2009

커피 품종별 3종의 원두에 대한 로스팅 온도는 inlet air 기준으로 $150^{\circ}C$에서 $250^{\circ}C$ 사이로 로스팅 시간은 5, 10, 20분으로 각 조건별 PAHs 함량의 변화를 측정한 결과이다. Arabica 종인 Colombia 원두와 Brazil 원두 공시료의 총 PAHs 함량은 각각 1.78 ${\mu}g$/kg와 1.65 ${\mu}g$/kg로 비슷하였으며, Robusta 종인 India 원두는 0.38 ${\mu}g$/kg로 Arabica 종보다 적은 량이 검출되었다. 총 PAHs 함량도 Robusta 종에서 0.18-2.54 ${\mu}g$/kg이 검출되었으며, Arabica 종인 Colombia 원두와 Brazil 원두는 각각 1.26-215.70 ${\mu}g$/kg, 1.85-178.14 ${\mu}g$/kg로 Arabica 종에서 많이 검출되었으며, 품종별 B[${\alpha}$]P의 함량도 Colombia 원두에서 0.11-0.47 ${\mu}g$/kg, Brazil 원두에서 0.18-0.60 ${\mu}g$/kg, India 원두에서 0.03-0.11 ${\mu}g$/kg으로 Arabica 종에서 많이 검출되었다. 로스팅 조건별 실험 결과 일정한 변화를 보이진 않았지만, 저온 장시간 로스팅 한 시료보다 고온 단시간 로스팅 한 시료에서 총 PAHs가 많이 검출되었음을 확인하였으며, 시료별 실험결과 B[${\beta}$]F 함량은 Arabica 종인 Colombia 원두와 Brazil 원두를 250$^{\circ}C$에서 10, 20분 로스팅 하였을 때 많이 검출되었음을 확인하였다. 이에 따라 시중에 유통되고 있는 로스팅 커피의 모니터링을 통하여 섭취하고 있는 커피의 PAHs의 노출 정도를 파악하고, 커피 생산 공정에서 PAHs의 생성량을 저감화할 수 있는 로스팅 방식(직접가열방식, 열풍가열방식) 및 조건(온도, 시간) 확립에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.