• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

The levels of indicator PCBs were determined in 132 human milk samples (Colostrum, 30th days after delivery, 60th days after delivery) collected in 2006 according to World Health Organization's (WHO) protocol. In addition, concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured by the isotope dilution method with high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector (HRGC/HRMS), which gave accurate and precise data for estimations of international trend and comparisons. Average daily intakes (ADIs) of all analytes were calculated. The median level of total indicator PCBs was 14 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level found in individuals from other countries. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 accounted for about 65% of the sum of the indicator congeners analyzed. The concentration of the most abundant PCB 153 is positively correlated with the concentration of the sum indicator PCBs (p<0.001). In this study, concentrations of total indicator PCBs significantly decreased with increasing number of children for a mother, indicating that parity and breast-feeding period an important role in the accumulation and elimination of these compounds in lactating women. The ADI for the median of total indicator PCBs for an infant was evaluated at $0.077{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ from birth to 6 months of age. The present study shows that concentrations of PCB 118 primipara breast milk have decreased 25~35 since 1998, and that this trend is continuing.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2003

The effects of physico-chemical properties of soils on PCBs analysis in Korea was studied Three kinds of extraction solvents(toluene, acetone:hexane, dichloromethane) was selected to apply three different soils. The silicagel, florisil and alumina column cleanup also performed to compare the elution patterns, and three different methods (EPA, Japan, Proposed method in this study) of 62 PCBs also compared the individual peaks recoveries. The solvent average recovery was surveyed the order of toluene, acetone:hexane, dichloromethane as 77.94%, 58.59%, 54.20% for soil A, 53.65%, 80.32%, 68.27% for soil B and 44.52%, 60.35%, 56.36% for soil C, respectively. The average recovery was depended on the soil characters. The highest recoveries of each soil were obtained the toluene for soil A, acetone:hexane for soil B and C. However, the coplanar PCBs was obtained the highest recovery with dichloromethane. Thus, to select the solvent for the analysis of PCBs in solid, the selected compounds have to consider to get good result. The silicagel, florisil, alumina I and alumina II column cleanup process were surveyed the range of 38.73%~98.26%, and the higher chlorinated compounds was obtained the lower recovery compared to the low chlorinated compounds, generally. This results are also consistent with the coplanar PCBs isomers. The compared results of three different countries were obtained the 37.15% for USA, 45.92% for Japan and 44.46% for proposed method in this study.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.332-339
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• 2012

Horizontal distributions and their ecotoxicological implications relating to organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in surface sediments sampled from the West Nakdong River. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in surface sediments were in the range of 0.57-3.68, 0.41-8.35, 0.63-1.65, and n.d.-0.56 ng/g, respectively. DDTs represent the major OC in the West Nakdong River. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs correlate with the total organic carbon (PCBs: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05, respectively), indicating that organic content in the sediments is one of the major factors for influencing horizontal distribution of the organochlorine compounds in this river. Examining the potential poisonous character of the surface sediments to benthic organisms according to the sediment quality guideline (SQG), set out by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we found that the concentrations of total PCBs, p,p'-DDD, and ${\gamma}$-HCH were lower than the effects range-low (ER-L) and the probable effects level (PEL). As a result, it is considered that the effect of organochlorines in the region considered on benthic organisms is very low from the perspective of environmental toxicology. However, in terms of the Canadian SQC, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and total DDTs, respectively, exceeded the interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) and the threshold effect level (TEL) in 30%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, of the sediment samples analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 1998

Acute and chronic responses to PCB toxicity of Neomysis awatschensis were studied by measurement of bioassay, growth, oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion with concentrations of PCB at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. 96 hr.-$LC_50$ at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$ were 28.7492 pub and 10.6742 pub, respectively. Survival rates during 60 days exposured to chronic PCB concentrations of 0.5 pub, 1.0 pub, 1.5 pub and 2,0 pub at $10^{\circ}C$ were $85\%,\;80\%,\;75\%$ and $75\%$, respectively and suwival rates at $20^{\circ}C$ $85\%,\;75\%,\;75\%$ and $65\%$, respectively. Average daily growth rate of N. awatschensis exposed to chronic PCB concentrations at $10^{\circ}C$ were 0.039 mm/day in control group and 0.036 mm/day at concentration of 2.0 ppb, while their rates at $20^{\circ}C$ showed 0.072 mm/day in central group and 0.039 mm/day at 2,0 ppb. The growth factors were some similarities between the chronic PCB concentrations, but intermolt periods were related to body size of mysids, temperature and PCB toxicity. Changes in oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion rates during 60 days exposure to PCB toxicity showed higher in high groups of PCB concentrations. Assimilation and feeding rates of N. awatschensis fed Artemia sp. decreased with increase of PCB concentration at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.104-108
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• 1998

Analysis of energy budget in Neomysis awatschensis exposed to PCB toxicity was carried out by measurement of bioassay, growth, oxygen consumption, nitrogen excretion at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. Energy contents of the body, molted exoskeleton and eggs, which measured to understand used energy for growth, molt and oxygen consumption were 5.52cal/mg, 2.17 cal/mg and 6.15 cal/mg, respectively. Feeding energies at $10^{\circ}C$ were 3.755ca1 in control group and 3.420 cal at 2.0 ppb concentration, of them, $70.19\%$ and $67.53\%$ of their energies were assimilated. At $20^{\circ}C$, feeding energies were 5.998 cal in control group and 4.166 cal at 2.0 ppb concentration. The assimilation efficiency of the mysid estimated by ash-ratio method ranged between $11.5\~67.5\%$ and $73.4\~70.5\%$ with PCB toxicity at $10^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ respectively. Energy used by respiration of total assimilated energy was $45.18\%$ in control group and $62.27\%$ in 2.0 pub concentration at $20^{\circ}C$, and energy used by metabolism was high 2.0 ppb concentration than control group.

• Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.252-263
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• 2018

Distributions of 15 PAHs and 82 PCBs were investigated in sediment and fish samples collected from the Suyoung Estuary of Busan, one of the most urbanized and newly contaminated areas in Busan. The concentrations of $S_{15}PAH$ in sediments ranged from 17.9 to 777 ng/g-dry and were mainly originated from combustion processes. The concentrations of $S_{82}PCB$ in sediments ranged from 0.55 to 12.5 ng/g-dry and were significantly correlated with those of 12 dioxin-like PCBs and 6 non-dioxin like PCBs. Higher concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were found in the upper river and the inner Suyoung Bay than in marina and the outer Suyoung Bay. No sites exceeded the ecotoxicological values of PAHs and PCBs in marine sediments. Benzo[a]-pyrene was not detected in fish samples and the concentrations of $S_4PAH$ (0.15~0.45 ng/g-wet) were lower than the maximum level set by EU. The levels of PCBs in fish samples were at less than 1% of the Korean maximum level and 2% of the EU maximum level. The concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs were $0.01{\sim}0.32pg-TEQ_{WHO-2005}/g-wet$, and the highest concentration was found in eels, which were at less than 5% of the EU maximum level. Dietary intakes of PAHs and PCBs through fish consumption were estimated, and their lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer risk were much lower.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2009

This study is for understanding the domestic possibilities of the high temperature incineration of waste containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) with the analysis of normal operation case and waste gas, fly ash, dioxin about bottom ash, Total-PCBs, Co-PCBs, and the for analysis the heavy metal leaching feature included by bottom ash and fly ash, heavy metal leaching experiment was implemented. The result shows the dioxin density of the waste gas from waste containing PCBs was $0.00699{\sim}0.00763ng-TEQ/Nm^3$, which is lower than $0.0192ng-TEQ/Nm^3$ from the normal operation case. And each Co-PCBs and total PCBs shows $0.00043{\sim}0.00112ng-TEQ/Nm^3$ and $3.06{\sim}3.87ng/m^3$ respectively. The bottom ash test result shows Dioxin 0.00225~0.00630ng-TEQ/g, Co-PCBs 0.00027~0.00082ng-TEQ/g, Total PCBs 0.9~2.6ng/g, and the fly ash shows Dioxin 0.00164~0.00344ng-TEQ/g, Co-PCBs 0.00053~0.00054ng-EQ/g, Total PCBs 0.64~0.84ng/g. The bottom ash and fly ash experiments for heavy metal leaching did not show any leaching but when it comes to the ingredients of the fly ash, Pb elements shows 31.01~237.7ppm, higher than leaching criterion. The analysis of the density of all air pollution material from the waste gas shows the lower value than permissible criterion.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 2012

We investigated the concentration levels and evaluated the distributions of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans(PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(DLPCBs) and 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and organism from various culturing grounds in Korean coast. The levels of PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs, and PBDEs in sediment samples ranged from 0.03 to 2.9(Mean${\pm}$SD, $1.2{\pm}0.89$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dry weight(dw), ND(not detected) to 1.1($0.09{\pm}0.19$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dw, and ND to 16.6($2.96{\pm}3.53$) ng $g^{-1}$ dw, respectively. Also, the levels of PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs, and PBDEs in culturing organisms ranged from ND to 0.24($0.07{\pm}0.06$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ wet weight(ww), ND to 0.11($0.04{\pm}0.04$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ ww, and 0.05 to 0.29($0.13{\pm}0.06$) ng $g^{-1}$ ww, respectively. The levels of total dioxins(PCDD/Fs+DLPCBs) and PBDEs in sediments from East and South sea were four to seven times higher than those from West sea. PCDD/Fs had dominant contribution(mean, 94%) for TEQ concentration in sediment, whereas relatively higher contribution of DLPCBs(33%) were shown in culturing organism than sediment. BDE209 was a dominant congener in both matrix. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, DLPCBs and PBDEs were in decreasing trends in Korea coasts compared to previous results.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.621-629
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• 2016

Recently, the researches on quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) for describing toxicities or activities of chemicals based on chemical structural characteristics have been widely carried out in order to estimate the toxicity of chemicals in multiuse facilities. Because the toxicity of chemicals are explained by various kinds of molecular descriptors, an important step for QSAR model development is how to select significant molecular descriptors. This research proposes a statistical selection of significant molecular descriptors and a new QSAR model based on partial least square (PLS). The proposed QSAR model is applied to estimate the logarithm of partition coefficients (log P) of 130 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of 14 PCBs, where the prediction accuracies of the proposed QSAR model are compared to a conventional QSAR model provided by OECD QSAR toolbox. For the selection of significant molecular descriptors that have high correlation with molecular descriptors and activity information of the chemicals of interest, correlation coefficient (r) and variable importance of projection (VIP) are applied and then PLS model of the selected molecular descriptors and activity information is used to predict toxicities and activity information of chemicals. In the prediction results of coefficient of regression ($R^2$) and prediction residual error sum of square (PRESS), the proposed QSAR model showed improved prediction performances of log P and $LC_{50}$ by 26% and 91% than the conventional QSAR model, respectively. The proposed QSAR method based on computational toxicology can improve the prediction performance of the toxicities and the activity information of chemicals, which can contribute to the health and environmental risk assessment of toxic chemicals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.656-664
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• 2010

We investigated the levels and distribution patterns of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface sediments from the Nakdong river basin, Korea. The levels of 16 PAHs and 12 Co-PCBs in the river sediment samples ranged from not detected (N.D.)~969.3 ng/g-dry, 4.2~7716.5 pg/g-dry (0.0~10.1 pg-TEQ/g-dry), respectively. Also, the levels of 16 PAHs were from 5.8~2987.2 ng/g-dry and 4.3~461.1 pg/g-dry (0.0~0.6 pg-TEQ/g-dry) for 12 Co-PCBs in the lake sediment samples. Only dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected among target OCPs and the concentration ranged from N.D.~1.5 ng/g-dry in the river sediment samples. These contamination levels were far below the guideline values suggested for environmental quality assessment. Low molecular weight PAHs were dominant in the river sediment samples, while middle and high molecular weight PAHs were dominant among 16 PAHs in the lake sediment samples. PCB-118 and PCB-105 were predominant congeners in the sediment, which were similar to the results obtained from previous studies. With these results, the assessment of potential sources of PAHs and Co-PCBs contamination in the sediments of the Nakdong river basin was performed. The pyrogenic-PAHs originated from combustion of fossil fuel and biomass were related with the PAHs contribution in most of the sediment samples, and Co-PCBs in the sediment samples were related with commercial PCB products.