• 한국습지학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2012

본 연구는 GIS을 활용하여 마산만 특별관리해역 통합관리시스템의 일환으로 마산만의 점 비점오염원 관리시스템을 개발하여 마산만 연안오염총량관리 체제를 보다 체계적이고 과학적으로 이용할 수 있도록 시스템을 구축하였다. 마산만 유역의 오염원 관리에 GIS를 이용한 결과 각 행정구역별 오염원 현황 및 발생 오염부하량의 비교가 가능하였고, 오염부하 산정프로그램을 구축함으로써 배출원별 인구현황, 생활계 물사용량, COD/TN/TP 발생부하량과 배출부하량 등의 오염원 부하량을 행정구역별, 연도별, 용도별로 산정할 수 있었다. 또한 대용량의 속성, 공간자료를 활용함에 있어 시간적, 경제적 노력을 최소화함은 물론 체계적이고 효과적인 마산만 연안오염총량 관리가 가능하여 정책 수립 시 신속한 의사결정에 대한 기여도가 높을 것으로 예상된다. 이 연구결과를 바탕으로 과학적이고 효율적인 점 비점오염원에 관련된 정보와 이에 대한 체계적 관리를 도모하고// 부하량 산정프로그램을 이용하여 오염부하량 변화에 따른 향후 오염원 예측이 가능하도록 유역관리 시스템을 보완해야 할 것이다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2008

A worldwide trend of permitting system for industrial installation to achieve a high level of protection of the environment has been moved from single media to multimedia in approach. The Council of the European Community issued the Directive 96/61/EC, the IPPC Directive, concerning integrated pollution prevention and control in 1996. The IPPC Directive is one of the most ambitious legal measures that the European Union (EU) has initiated with a view to applying the prevention principle for industrial activities. The IPPC aims to achieve the integrated prevention and reduction of environmental pollution emitted by those industrial installations with a higher potential of emissions to the environment. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommended on Environmental Performance Reviews of Korea in 2006 that IPPC permitting concept should be considered for large stationary sources at the national and regional levels. Any Korean law doesn't provide for integrated pollution control with a single process covering all pollution from economic activities. However, one exception might be the "environmentally-friendly companies" certification scheme, introduced in 1995, in which participants agree to meet targets beyond the legal emission limit values in exchange for government technical and financial support to operate environmental management systems. The other exception might be Environmental impact assessment (EIA) of projects, in 1977, which has been strengthened and reinforced to be more preventive through development of the prior environmental review system (PERS) in 1999. The aim of this work is to introduce the contents of IPPC Directive at the viewpoint of Korea policy and to survey the integrated approaching concept of Environmentally-Friendly Companies (EFC) Certification Scheme and EIA policy of Korea. The study will be helpful in the future to prepare the infrastructure of integrated permitting system and to enforce the integrated permit which the authorities of local government issues on industrial activities. It can be said that the data calculated through both EFC Certification Scheme and EIA will be discussed as worthful information to determine Korean BAT reference notes for integrated permitting process.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2014

새만금 유역내 밭작물 재배 농경지의 작부체계와 관련된 최적관리기법을 적용하여 각각의 시나리오별로 농업비점오염원의 저감효과를 분석하였다. 또한 새만금 유역내 동진강 수계와 만경강 수계를 대상으로 행정구역별 작물양분의 투입량 실태분석과 향후 변화 추이에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 새만금 유역 만경강 수계에서 2012년 기준으로 2020년에는 질소질비료 18%, 인산질비료 22%가 감소하는 추세였으며, 동진강 수계에서는 질소질비료 30%, 인산질비료 19%가 감소할 것으로 평가되었다. 반면, 퇴비의 경우에는 만경강 수계에서는 17%, 동진강 수계에서는 37% 정도 사용량이 증가할 것으로 추정되었다. 새만금 유역내 밭작물의 작부체계 변경과 관련된 최적관리기법 시나리오 가운데 Scenario 1 (동계작물 겉보리와 쌀보리를 경관 녹비작물인 헤어리벳치 또는 자운영으로 작부체계를 변경한 경우) 적용시 질소 41%, 인산 47%의 작물양분 투입량을 감소시키는 결과를 초래할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, Scenario 2 (화학비료 시비량이 많은 고추작물을 질소고정능력이 높은 콩작물로 작부체계를 변경한 경우) 적용시 질소 30%, 인산 23%의 작물양분 투입량을 감소시키는 결과를 초래할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, Scenario 3 (시나리오 1과 시나리오 2의 통합) 적용시 질소 72%, 인산 70%의 작물양분 투입량을 감소시키는 결과를 초래할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 새만금 유역에서 담수호 수질보전을 위한 유역관리기법 개발시 작물양분요구량이 높은 작물의 재배를 최소화하고 양분배출형 작부체계가 아닌 양분흡수형 작부체계로의 전환을 통한 최적관리기법 모델 개발이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.561-569
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• 2012

To evaluate the bacteriological water quality in Yongnam-Gwangdo, located in western Jinhae Bay, seawater samples were analyzed using sanitary indicator bacteria at 57 sampling stations. According to survey results from January 2007 to December 2009, the range of the geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile for coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were <1.8-16.5 and 1.8-246.8 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-7.1 and 1.8-74.8 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The samples, including those taken from stations located in Wonmunman, Gwangdo, and Dangdong, showed high levels of microbial contamination caused by the climate and weather patterns in the marine environment. The bacteriological water quality in the area met Korean criteria for a designated shellfish growing area for export and National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for an approved shellfish growing area, except at station #49. A total of 24 direct pollution sources were discharged into the shellfish growing area. The radius of impact was calculated for each pollution source to assess the effect on the shellfish growing area. The calculated radius of impact for most of the pollution sources was below 300 m. However, the radius of impact for the combined pollution sources in Kyeonnaeryang was 93-1973 m. There were significant differences between the calculated closed sea area and actual monitoring results. The closed sea area values calculated from the fecal coliform load in drainage water tended to be higher than the actual monitoring results. Tidal currents and environmental factors such as salinity, water temperature, sunlight, and microbiological factors affect the survival of fecal indicator bacteria in seawater.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2008

Benzene is a very harmful and toxic compound known as human carcinogen by all routes of exposure. Owing to the risky feature of benzene, several countries such as Japan, UK and EU have established the ambient air quality standard and protect from that risk of it. Korea also has designated it as one of the criteria air pollutants and established the concentration limit ($5\;{\mu}g/m^3$) in the air and is going to apply the standard from 2010. Benzene is emitted from various sources such as combustion plants, production processes, waste treatment facilities and also automobiles. Mobile source is known as one of the major emission sources of benzene. In this study, we estimated the domestic emissions of benzene from mobile source and compared the results with those of advanced countries. Mobile source was divided into 2 categories, Le., on-road source and non-road source. The total emissions of benzene from mobile source were estimated as 3,106 tons/yr and 1,612 tons/yr was emitted from on-road source and 1,494 tons/yr was from non-road source. Emission ratio of benzene from on-road source showed that 80.0% was from passenger cars, 10.1% was from taxis, 7.2% was from light-duty vehicles, 2.5% was from heavy-duty vehicles and 0.2% was from buses. In the case of non-road source, the distribution showed that 66.3% was from construction machineries, 14.5% was from locomotives, 11.7% was from ships, 7.1% was from agriculture equipments and 0.5% was from aircrafts. The cold-start emissions were estimated as 942 tons/yr and this value was almost 1.5 times greater than that for hot engine emissions (608 tons/yr). In addition, the fuel-based distribution was 65.9%, 31.1% and 2.8% from gasoline, LPG and diesel vehicles, respectively. The emission ratio from mobile source occupied 65% and 30% of total benzene emissions in USA and UK, respectively. In case of Korea, the emission ratio of benzene from mobile source occupied 29% (15% from on-road source, 14% from non-road source) which showed similar value with UK.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.413-422
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to estimate the trends of air quality in the study area by analyzing monthly and seasonal concentration trends obtained from sampled data. To this aim, the mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ in the air were analyzed, as well as those of metals, ions, and total carbon within the $PM_{2.5}$. The mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $22.7{\mu}g/m^3$. The mass composition of $PM_{2.5}$ was as follows: 31.1% of ionic species, 2.2% of metallic species, and 26.7% of carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the $PM_{2.5}$ and exhibited a high correlation coefficient with the mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. Seasonal variations of $PM_{2.5}$ showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species, with high concentrations during winter and spring. $PM_{2.5}$ also had a high correlation with the ionic species $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$. In addition, $NH_4{^+}$ was highly correlated with $NO_3{^-}$. Through factor analysis, we identified four controlling factors, and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor, accounting for 19.1% of $PM_{2.5}$ was attributed to motor vehicles and heating-related sources: the second factor indicated industry-related sources and secondary particles, and the other factors indicated soil, industry-related and marine sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea, since it was obtained from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present in the air, a pollution profile for Korea should be produced.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.583-591
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• 2004

In this study, methodologies for the rational organization of air pollution monitoring network were examined by understanding the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of secondary air pollution, whose significance would increase hereafter. The data on $O_3$ and $NO_2$ concentrations during high ozone period in 1998~1999 recorded at the nine air pollution monitoring station in Busan were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and cumulative semivariogram. It was found that the ozone concentration was deeply associated with the daily emission characteristics or the $O_3$ precusors, and nitrogen dioxide concentration largely depends on the emission strength of regional sources. According to the spatial distribution analysis of ozone and nitrogen dioxide in Busan using cumulative semivariograms, the number of monitoring stations for the secondary air pollution can be reduced in east-west direction, but reinforced in north-south direction to explain the spacial variability. More scientific and rational relocation of air pollution monitoring network in Busan would be needed to investigate pollution status accurately and to plan and implement the pollution reduction policies effectively.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2014

The present discourse lasts around, information pollution, causes and concerns of information pollution, internet as a major causality and how it affects the decision making ability of an individual. As, information producers in the process to not to lose the readership of their content, and to cater the information requirements of both the electronic and the print readers, reproduce almost the whole of the printed information in digital form as well. Abundant literature is also equally produced in electronic format only, thereon, sharing this information on hundreds of social networking sites, like, Facebook, Twitter, Blogs, Flicker, Digg, LinkedIn, etc. without attributions to original authors, have created almost a mess of this whole information produced and disseminated. Accordingly, the study discusses about the sources of information pollution, the aspects of unstructured information along with plagiarism. Towards the end of the paper stress has been laid on information literacy, as how it can prove handy in addressing the issue with some measures, which can help in regulating the behaviour of information producers.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.272-281
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was. to develop a valid and reliable Likert-type scale to assess middle school students' attitude toward environmental pollution. The evaluation categories of this instrument were cognition and conaction levels. Initially, 42 statements (29 statements for cognition level and 13 statements for conaction level) were framed. This pilot instrument was administered to 1015 middle school students. To select valid and reliable statements, the 42 initial statements were analyzed by item mean, standard deviation, and response distribution. In addition, the emotional intensity: of each statement was judged. As a result, 22 final statements (14 statements for cognition level and 8 statements for conaction level) were developed. Cronbach alpha coefficient of the instrument was 0.76 with a range of item-total correlation from 0.229 to 0.488. Factor analysis was done to explore the potential constructs of this instrument. As a result, six factors were extracted. Those factors were identified as "Conaction to prevent environmental pollution", "Confrontation with the enterprise which causes environmental pollution", "Voluntary inclination to participate in the group which prevents environmental pollution", "Discussion on environmental pollution", "Environmental pollution and interests", and "Everyday sources of environmental pollution".

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.461-470
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• 1997

There are 7 classes, 17 orders, and 141 species of benthic macroinvertebrates at the 5 study sites from Feb, '91 to May, '92. Total species frequency number has less variations among sites than seasonal changes. Not considering seasonal changes this indicates that there are some influences from outside pollution sources. Seasonally, Ortho chadiinae sp. 2 take 21.2% share of total species. It was the dominant species in Feb. '91. With total average level Ephemeroptera take 51.3% of total species as first dominant species. Diptera 27.8% as second dominant species and Trichoptera 16.7% as third dominant species. Through these biological indexes, they appear to have unstable living environments in summer at sites 1 and 5. One can see that site 1 is more polluted than site 3 because site 1 has more pollution sources such as pastures and recreation areas.