• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.2097-2100
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• 2013

Background: To estimate the numbers and trends in cervix cancer cases visiting the Radiotherapy Department at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, statistical modelling from retrospective data was applied. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on data for a total of 159 patients treated for cervix cancer at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, between $28^{th}$ September 2000 and $31^{st}$ December 2008. Theoretical statistics were used for statistical modelling and forecasting. Results: Using curve fitting method, Linear, Logarithmic, Inverse, Quadratic, Cubic, Compound, Power and Exponential growth models were validated. Including the constant term, none of the models fit the data well. Excluding the constant term, the cubic model demonstrated the best fit, with $R^2$=0.871 (p=0.004). In 2008, the observed and estimated numbers of cases were same (12). According to our model, 273 patients with cervical cancer are expected to visit the hospital in 2015. Conclusions: Our data predict a significant increase in cervical cancer cases in this region in the near future. This observation suggests the need for more focus and resource allocation on cervical cancer screening and treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2171-2174
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• 2012

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a distressing disease with a miserable prospects and early recognition remains a challenge due to ubiquitous symptomatic presentation, deep anatomical location, and aggressive etiology. False positives and problems in distinguishing pancreatitis from adenocarcinoma limit the use of CA 19-9 as both disorders can present with similar symptoms and share radiographic physiognomies. This study aimed to assess the relative increase in accuracy of diagnosing the patients with chronic pancreatitis, benign neoplasm of pancreas and adenocarcinomas with CA 19-9, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A in comparison to CA 19-9 alone. Materials and Methods: This hospital based case control study was carried out in the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, between $1^{st}$ January 2010 and $31^{st}$ December 2011. The variables assessed were age, gender, serum CA19-9, serum haptoglobulin, serum Amyloid A. The data were analyzed using Excel 2003, R 2.8.0 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) and the EPI Info 3.5.1 Windows Version. Results: Out of 197 cases of pancreatic disease, maximum number of assumed cases were of adenocarcinoma of pancreas (95). Number of males (59) were more than females (36) in assumed cases of adenocarcinoma of pancreas. The mean values of CA19-9 raised considerably in cases of chronic pancreatitis, benign neoplasm and adenocarcinoma of pancreas when compared to controls. The highest augmention in CA19-9 values were in cases of adenocarcinoma of pancreas. The p-value indicates that in cases of chronic pancreatitis, there was not significant increase in precision of diagnosis. Conclusions: These statistics established that haptoglobin and SAA are useful in discriminating cancer from benign conditions as well as healthy controls.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2022

The article presents a concept of designing a Multiplexer circuit which acts as a "Selector" and that becomes capable to select different speed created at different TTL Gate configurations; Standard TTL(Normal Speed), High Speed TTL(High Speed), Schottky TTL(Super High Speed) and further connect the selected Gate speed to the CAR shape created using C-Programming at Computer Graphics and finally CAR shape display at different speed to the color TV. The Multiplexer supporting efficient and more reliable selection criteria using "Logical based selection criteria" and further the output from multiplexer is provided to CAR shape created using c-programming and finally CAR shape is display to color TV system. Basic purposes and assumptions regarding the design and development of this system as well as a description of its operation have been presented.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2024

Purpose: This study explores the factors affecting purchase intention of smartphones among millennials. The study incorporates factors of brand equity, specifically brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality and their mediation effect in purchase intention. Research design, data, and methodology: This study evaluates the role of brand equity factors in influencing purchase intentions by using structural equation modeling to analyze 197 respondents. Results: The findings indicate that brand loyalty, followed by brand awareness, and perceived quality are significant factors in determining customer purchase intention. Further, brand loyalty mediates the relationship between perceived quality and purchase intention, as well as between brand awareness and purchase intention significantly. Additionally, perceived quality mediates the relationship between brand awareness and purchase intention significantly. Finally, the serial mediation of perceived quality and brand loyalty significantly affects the relationship between brand awareness and purchase intention. Conclusions: This research has provided valuable insights into the relationship between brand equity and purchase intention among millennials supporting the Aaker's Model. Useful theoretical and managerial implications also have been provided.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.747-752
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• 1992

Protein polymorphism of native and red jungle fowls in Nepal was analyzed by electrophoresis. Blood samples were collected in the areas of Solu, Jomson road, Kathmandou, Pokhara and Low land. Out of 17 loci, polymorphism were found at nine loci in native fowls and at three loci in red jungle fowls. The proportion of polymorphic loci ($P_{poly}$) of native and red jungle fowls were $0.529{\pm}0.121$ and $0.176{\pm}0.095$, respectively. The five fowl populations in Nepal formed a different cluster from Sri Lankan and Bangladeshi fowl populations. When the gene frequencies of polymorphic loci were compared between the native fowl populations of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal, $Amy-1^A$, $Es-1^A$ and $Akp-2^A$ genes showed inclination of south to north.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2016

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized the world and has profound impact on the social and economic development of a country. Implementation, practice and accessibility of ICT is viewed as an integral part of any countries' strategy today. These new technologies are becoming popular due to their ability to produce, distribute and provide instant access to massive information in no time. ICT has pervaded almost every aspect of human endeavor that may include health, education, economics, governance, entertainment etc. Tourism is one such vital industry that find enormous application of ICT in its strategic and operational level, to promise long term benefits and enhance economic growth. Tourism industry in western world and some developed countries of Asia have applied ICT for more than 30 years, and have gained tremendous benefits. Nepal which is also growing as one of the favourite tourist destinations lacks proper implementation of ICT in this industry. In our study we examined how the ICT can play a vital role in developing the tourism industry of Nepal. This study is an exploratory research based on primary data collected from tourist visiting Nepal, supported by information from tour operators, government agencies, NGOs and INGOS. A framework is devised on the basis of data and information collected and finally, discussions elaborate on the prospect and challenges of implementation of ICT in tourism industry of $Nep{\grave{a}}l$.

• 한국GIS학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국GIS학회 2008년도 공동추계학술대회
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• pp.153-161
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• 2008

Agriculture and forest are basis for livelihood in Nepal while both sectors constitute around 40 percent of the national product and over two-thirds of the economically active population is dependent on agriculture. However, radical changes in land use, depletion in crops production and food availability are major threats due to loss of soil fertilityand severe environmental degradation. In this study, we used time series data from 1986/87 to 2005/06 about food crop production and population published by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and Central Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive statistics and ArcGIS were used to assess and map the food security status of Nepalese Terai based on the local food demand and supply system. Food supply to demand ratio(FSDR) was the main idea of assessment. Our results showed that out of 20 districts, only 8 districts were categorised under secured food districts whereas 5 districts were still under food unsecured situation. The analysis further revealed that 7 districts had faced food deficit more than 8-16 times during the last 20 year periods. Data further showed that there was surplus food supply relative to the requirements dictated by FSDR. However, the average FSDR was less than 1.2(less than 20% surplus) exploring fact that most of the districts were not producing sufficient food to cope up the food shock and after 1995 it was relatively stagnant. Our prediction reveals that food supply in Terai even in the future would remain at almost the same level as now, and there will not more than 16-17% surplus by 2021 considering medium vibrant population growth. The findings thus, indicate that Terai may not be a food secure region in the future, even though the region is considered as a food storage house of Nepal. In addition, this paper suggests ways to make future comprehensive case studies more widely comparable in Terai, Nepal.

• Plant Resources
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2001

A major portion of drugs used in Ayurvedic system of medicine which has been practiced since the early human civilization in Indian subcontinent were of plant origin. It should be noted that 70% of the population in this region depends on Ayurveda for their medical treatment and 60% of the drug resources are obtained from the Himalayan region. Therefore, Nepal becomes a potential source of plant drug resource since it occupies a major portion of the Himalaya. In the present paper, in general a current status of medicinal plant resources of Himalayan region especially Nepal will be discussed. In addition to this, a typical example of antidiabetic activity of Shilajit will be taken for the discussion. Shilajit is one of the crucial elements in several formulations including those of Rasayana, a therapy in Ayurveda, which has been practiced in the prevention of ageing and mental disorder. Although, Shilajit is widely used for the treatment of diabetes, no satisfactory scientific reports are available up to now. The crude Shilajit in the market is a dark brown or black rock-like substance collected from the Himalayan region with a strong smell of cow's stale urine. In our studies, Shilajit (collected in the central Himalayan region) prevented the diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice model. Shilajit also prevented the diabetes in the rats against the action of multiple low-dose (10 mg/kg, i.v., 5 times) of streptozotocin. On the other hand, Shilajit did not show antioxidative activity. The preventive action of Shilajit on diabetes is mainly focused on the Thl and Th2 cell activities, since Th2 cells activity was found to be significantly upregulated. Shilajit, however, showed a mild action in controlling the blood sugar level in young, old, and mild diabetic rats, but not in the severe diabetic rats. It also stimulated the nitric oxide production in macrophages. Based on these evidences, the antidiabetic activities of Shilajit appear to be immunomodulative probably by protecting or strengthening insulin-producing b-cells in the pancreas. Further systematic research on constituents of Shilajit and its quality evaluation is necessary to enable the use of natural medicines in the treatment of diabetes.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2008년도 International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.390-393
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• 2008

We analyzed the landuse change, quantify the area covered by majors food crops (Paddy, Wheat, Barely, Maize, Millet and Potato) and their productivity trends in Terai, Nepal from 1987 to 2006. We used series of area covered by each single crop and production data published by Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Our results indicated that the agriculture land has increased by about 47% while forest has decreased by 32% between 1964 and 2001 in Terai. Whilst the total cropped area has increased by 19% between 1987 and 2006. The highest incremental change has observed in Potato by 234% followed by Wheat 31%, Maize 20% and Paddy 12% and so on. However, data revealed with very low crops productivity and it showed less than half of its potential except in Potato. The average yield of food crops /hectare /year during last 20 year has found only 3.094 metric tons. Only Potato has gained high average yield by 10.34 metric tons. While others crops yielded entirely low. 3 periods moving average depicted that the productivity trend of Barely and Millet has stagnant while others crops showed slightly up and down and increasing steadily over time. Further study is needed to comprehend the linkage of food productivity in the present food supply to demand and food security system in Terai, Nepal.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3385-3388
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• 2012

Objective: The study was conducted to assess biochemical profiles in premenopausal and postmenopausal women having breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A hospital based case control study was carried out at Manipal Teaching Hospital (MTH), Pokhara, Nepal. The analysed variables were age, metabolic profile including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, blood sugar, insulin concentration, C-peptide, HbA1c and selenium. Descriptive statistics and testing of hypothesis were used for the analysis using EPI INFO and SPSS 16 software. Results: In premenopausal women, significant differences were noted for total cholesterol (P value <0.001), triglycerides (P value 0.002), HbA1c level (P value <0.001), insulin concentration (P value 0.030), C-peptide concentration (P value 0.001), and selenium (P value <0.001) between cases and controls. Insignificant results were found for HDL-C (P value 0.749), LDL-C (P value 0.933), blood sugar (P value 0.59) and BMI (P value 0.746). Similarly, significant difference in total cholesterol (P value <0.001), triglycerides (P value 0.001), LDL-C (P value <0.001), HDL-C (P value 0.025), blood sugar (P value <0.001), insulin concentration (P value <0.001), c-peptide concentration (P value <0.001), HbA1c level (P value <0.001) and selenium (P value <0.001) were observed for postmenopausal patients and controls. Conclusions: Assessing metabolic changes and their management may be important for control of breast cancer and increased survival.