• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.21-30
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• 2023

The study aims to analyze the geometric characteristics of the pointed arches proposed by Al-Kāshī in his book "Miftāḥ al-Ḥisāb" (Key of Arithmetic) and investigate their planning principles, architectural application, and typological characteristics. Al-Kāshī completed this significant work in 1427 and dedicated it to Ulugh Beg, a Timurid Sultan in Samarkand. In the ninth chapter, titled "Al-'Imārāt wa al-Abnīya" (Amīr's Mansion and Building), Al-Kāshī sought to measure the surface areas and volumes of barrel vaults (Azaj) and domes (Qubba). To achieve this, he proposed five kinds of pointed arches (Ṭāq) and analyzed their drawing methods and composition principles. The Īwān and Qubba structures, which are curved architectural elements, hold significant importance in Islamic architecture. However, previous research has predominantly focused on comparing the drawings in Al-Kāshī's book with historical buildings, neglecting the inherent characteristics of the drawings themselves. This study intends to contribute to a deeper understanding of Al-Kāshī's remarkable work and shed light on the geometric aspects of monumental structures in the Timurid Period.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.213-216
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• 2008

CFT(Concrete Filled Steel Tubular) Structure filled steel tubes with a concrete improves the stiffness and strength of the structure by the confinement effect of fillers. CFTA(Concrete Filled and Tied Steel Tubular Arch) girder is a new type structure that applies an arch structure and a pre-stressed structure to CFT Structure to maximize the efficiency of structure and economic. One of conspicuous characteristics of CFTA girder is exposed tendon and that is pointed out as the weak point of this girder. Therefore in this study, safety estimation for the exposed tendon is performed and dynamic analysis is also performed by the collision numerical simulation. For analyzing this model, ABAQUS 6.5-1 was used.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.285-289
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• 1996

The styloid process is normally a small, slender, pointed, downward and forward projection of the temporal bone. It is developed from the ossification of the Reichert's cartilage of the second branchial arch. In the adult, It is about 2.5cm in length and lies between the internal and external carotid arteries and lateral to the tonsillar fossa. Elongation of the styloid process , ossification of the stylohyoid or slylomandibular ligament causes recurrent nonspecific throat discomfort, foreign-body sensation, dysphagia, referred otalgia or facial pain. Symptoms are provoked by swallowing, turning head, carotid compression, and posttonsillectomy. Recently, the authors have experienced two cases of Eagle's syndrome. So we report them with review of literature.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.117-130
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• 2018

As women wear shoes for a long time due to aesthetic elements and working environment, many women experience discomfort and deformation in their feet due to their shoes and the production of comfortable shoes is becoming an important issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the grip of shoes by foot type, shoe design, and wearing attitude of shoes. Through this, we suggest solutions for foot discomfort due to wearing shoes and help to prevent foot related diseases. The study results are as follows; first, a wide foot, square-type, and high or low arch (hollow foot or flat foot) among foot shapes influenced the fatigue and pain of feet, and big feet over 250mm-long, wide feet, square-type feet, and high-arch feet (hollow foot) had an influence on distortion and side effects. Second, among the characteristics of wearing shoes influencing foot discomfort, the higher the shoe heels were, the narrower the surface covering the feet was (pumps and mule), and the shoes with high front heels and narrow back heel area, the shoe wearer had a higher possibility of experiencing fatigue and pain and even had not only fatigue and pain but also side effects when she wore pointed shoes. Third, a shoe wearer experiences fatigue and pain if she wears shoes for a shorter period of time, stay stood while wearing shoes for a short time, and wears shoes that are bigger or smaller than the actual shoe size. Fourth, fatigue and pain experiencers and distortion and side effects experiencers all responded that they change into other shoes to deal with foot discomfort and that they directly massage their feet.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.348-355
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• 1994

Styloid process is a slender pointed bone of variable length, which project downward, forward, and slightly medialward from the posteroinferior portion of the tympanic part of the temporal bone. Embryologically, the styloid process is derived from Reichert's cartilage, a structure of second branchial arch origin. Most patients with elongated styloid process remain asymptomatic, but some patients complain pain and sensation of foreign body in the throat, dysphagia, dysphonia, referred otalgia. Recently, we have experienced a case of elongated styloid process in a fifty-nine year old man. He had been suffered from Rt. side sore throat, headache and pharyngeal discomfort during head movement. Through various X-ray examination, Xeroradiography, and palpation of tonsillar fossa, elongated styloid process on Rt. side was confirmed. Under the general anesthesia, it was successfully removed out via transoral approach technique, described by Eagle. The resected styloid process was 2.5cm in it's length and he was freed from the symptoms without further complication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.34
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• pp.67-78
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• 1997

We executed the wearing test in order to revise the basic Beosun pattern for five kinds of foot type. And we took sensory test to evaluated that revisions. The result were as follows: 1. The characteristics of slender foot is that the foot circumference III is short as compared with foot length. So Kou of basic Beosun is sharp-pointed Hoimok and beosunmok are broad. For slender foot we took down ou of Beosun and use foot cir-cumference III/2-1.5cm as Hoimok like the part shown in dotted line of Fin 6. 2. The characteristics of broad foot is that the foot circumference III is long as comparison with foot length. So Kou of ba-sic Beosun is stubby Hoimok and Beosunmok are narrow. For broad foot we took up Kou of Beosun put foot circum-ferenceI /2-1.5cm for the width of Apbol and circumfernce III 2/-1.5cm for Hoimok like the part shown in dotted line of Fig. 8. 3. because the arch of flat foot is flat the sole of basic Beosun is not suitable to the flat foot. It developes on wrinkles of Duichuk and sole. For flat foot we took down Hom of the basic Beousun like the part shown in dotted line of Fig. 10. 4 We evaluated the revisions of basic Beousun for foot types were useful in senso-ry test.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 1980

Numerous investigators have pointed out that the force of the tongue against the teeth within the dental arches is normally compensated for by the action of the musculature of the cheeks and lips, and that the tongue at rest occupies a large part of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the maximum areas of the tongue movement by measuring the inner area of the dental arches of both the maxilla and the mandible. This study was based on the study models of 30 children and 128 adults who had clinically good occlusion. There were 15 male and 15 female children whose ages ranged from four years to seven years and 82 male and 46 female adults whose ages ranged from fifteen years to fifty four years. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The mean of the maximum areas within the primary dental arches of both the maxilla and the mandible were $7.06\pm0.8\textrm{cm}^2, 5.49\pm0.77\textrm{cm}^2$ in male children and $6.82\pm0.98\textrm{cm}^2, 5.28\pm0.80\textrm{cm}^2$ in female children respectively. 2. The mean of the maximum areas within the permanent dental arches of both the maxilla and mandible were $17.01\pm2.38\textrm{cm}^2, 13.57\pm1.57\textrm{cm}^2$ in male and $16.75\pm2.08\textrm{cm}^2, 13.36\pm1.01\textrm{cm}^2$ in female respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.487-497
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• 2007

As is pointed out by Gourieroux (1997), the volatility effects in financial time series vary according to the signs of the return rates and therefore asymmetric Threshold-GARCH (TGARCH, henceforth) processes are natural extensions of the standard GARCH toward asymmetric volatility modeling. For preliminary detection of asymmetry in volatility, we suggest graphs of squared-log-returns for various financial time series including KOSPI, KOSDAQ and won-Euro exchange rate. Next, asymmetric TGARCH(1,1) model fits are provided in comparisons with standard GARCH(1.1) models.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

The objective of this paper was to analyse the foot type of female university students by the direct and indirect measure of foot and the measures of foot outline. The results were as follow: 1. The length and the width of foot were small and ankle slender and the modification of the big toe slight. 2. The analysis on the 16 measure items revealed five factors; the first factor was related to the width and girth of foot, the second one to the length of foot, the third one to the transformation of the little toe, the fourth one to the height of foot, the fifth one to transformation of the big toe. 3. The grouping on the shape of foot revealed three types. The inline angle of foot was the smallest in average in the type 1, while it appeared to be middle in the other types. The wider foot shapes were grouped as type 2 because their inline and outline angles of foot were the biggest in average. In the type 3, the big toe was curved a lot, since it was the largest in average. 4. From the naked eye measuring method, classification from which toe was popped-out told that Egyptian foot was 30.9%, Greek foot 27.9%. On the other hand, the instrumental method showed that Egyptian foot was 57.3%, Squared foot 35.3% and Greek foot 7.4%. 5. The result from the analysis about the traits of foot shape by the degree of the arch formation of bottom foot, showed that 33.8% had the normal foot, 66.2% slightly flat foot or middle one. There was no one with rigid flat foot. 6. The shoes size they declared were that 240cm was 33.3%, 235cm 18.1% and 245cm 18.1%. The shape of their shoe heel were flat heel(34.8%), cuban heel(25.5%), and narrow straight heel(19.9%); and that of the shoe toe were round toe(25.4%), oval toe(20.4%) and squared toe(20.4%). 7. The discomforting parts when they wear shoes were the little toe(35.4%), the rear of foot(13.9%), and the width of foot(13.9%), which was related to their dislike of shoe with the pointed toe.