• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.501-511
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• 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) models have become crucial for improving civil infrastructure analysis, and they can be used for various purposes such as damage detection, risk estimation, resolving potential safety issues, alarm detection, and structural health monitoring. 3D point cloud data is used not only to make visual models but also to analyze the states of structures and to monitor them using semantic data. This study proposes automating the generation of high-quality 3D point cloud data and removing noise using deep learning algorithms. In this study, large-format aerial images of civilian infrastructure, such as cut slopes and dams, which were captured by drones, were used to develop a workflow for automatically generating a 3D point cloud model. Through image cropping, downscaling/upscaling, semantic segmentation, generation of segmentation masks, and implementation of region extraction algorithms, the generation of the point cloud was automated. Compared with the method wherein the point cloud model is generated from raw images, our method could effectively improve the quality of the model, remove noise, and reduce the processing time. The results showed that the size of the 3D point cloud model created using the proposed method was significantly reduced; the number of points was reduced by 20-50%, and distant points were recognized as noise. This method can be applied to the automatic generation of high-quality 3D point cloud models of civil infrastructures using aerial imagery.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.553-565
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• 2021

포인트 클라우드는 3D 오브젝트를 표현하기 위한 점들의 집합으로 3D 좌표 정보인 기하 정보와 색상, 반사율 등을 나타내는 속성 정보로 이루어져 있으며, 이러한 표현 방식으로 인해 2D 영상에 비해 방대한 양의 데이터를 가진다. 따라서, 포인트 클라우드 데이터를 전송하거나 다양한 분야에서 활용하기 위해서 포인트 클라우드 데이터를 압축하는 과정이 필수적으로 요구된다. 포인트 클라우드는 2D 영상과 같이 해당 영상을 구성하는 2D 기하 정보에 대응하는 색상 정보가 모두 존재하는 것과 달리, 3D 공간 중 일부만이 색상과 같은 속성 정보를 포함하여 포인트 클라우드를 표현하고 있기에, 기하 정보에 대한 별도의 처리도 요구된다. 이와 같은 포인트 클라우드의 특징을 기반으로 고밀도 포인트 클라우드 데이터의 압축 방안으로 국제 표준화 기구 ISO/IEC 산하 MPEG에서는 포인트 클라우드 영상을 사영한 뒤 2D DCT 기반의 2D 영상 압축 코덱으로 압축하는 V-PCC 를 표준화 중에 있다. 해당 표준은 3D 포인트 클라우드를 2D로 변환하여 압축을 진행하기에 3D 공간 정보를 정확하게 표현하기에는 한계가 존재한다. 이에, 본 논문에서는 포인트 클라우드 정지영상을 3D 상에서 3D DCT로 변환하여 포인트 클라우드 데이터를 압축하는 방안인 3D Discrete Cosine Transform based Point Cloud Compression을 제시하고, 2D DCT 기반의 V-PCC와 비교하여 3D DCT의 효율성을 확인하고자 한다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.338-357
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• 2016

The recent advent of increasingly affordable and powerful 3D scanning devices capable of capturing high resolution range data about real-world objects and environments has fueled research into effective 3D surface reconstruction techniques for rendering the raw point cloud data produced by many of these devices into a form that would make it usable in a variety of application domains. This paper, therefore, provides an overview of the existing literature on surface reconstruction from 3D point clouds. It explains some of the basic surface reconstruction concepts, describes the various factors used to evaluate surface reconstruction methods, highlights some commonly encountered issues in dealing with the raw 3D point cloud data and delineates the tradeoffs between data resolution/accuracy and processing speed. It also categorizes the various techniques for this task and briefly analyzes their empirical evaluation results demarcating their advantages and disadvantages. The paper concludes with a cross-comparison of methods which have been evaluated on the same benchmark data sets along with a discussion of the overall trends reported in the literature. The objective is to provide an overview of the state of the art on surface reconstruction from point cloud data in order to facilitate and inspire further research in this area.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2023

논문은 LiDAR 점군 데이터를 사용하여 흉고 직경과 수고를 예측하는 ForestLi 시스템을 제안한다. ForestLi 시스템이 LiDAR 점군 데이터를 처리하는 과정은 다음과 같이 여러 단계로 진행된다. 다운샘플링, 이상점 제거, 지표면 분할, 지표면 정규화, 수간 추출, 개체목 분할, 흉고 직경 측정, 수고 측정. LiDAR 점군 데이터를 처리하는 상용 시스템 LiDAR360은 하측 식생과 개체목 분할 오류를 사용자가 직접 수정해야 한다. ForestLi 시스템은 하측 식생에 해당하는 LiDAR 점군 데이터를 자동으로 제거한다. 결과적으로 ForestLi 시스템이 LiDAR360보다 전체 수행시간을 줄이고, 흉고 직경과 수고 예측의 정확성을 높였다. 실험을 통해서 제안된 ForestLi가 LiDAR360 시스템보다 흉고 직경과 수고 측정의 정확성과 전체 실행시간 측면에서 우수하다는 것을 보여주었다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.303-313
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• 2021

Recently, quality control of the Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier (LNGC) cargo hold and block-erection interference areas using 3D scanners have been performed, focusing on large shipyards and the international association of classification societies. In this study, as a part of the research on LNGC cargo hold quality management advancement, a study on deep-learning-based scaffolding system 3D point cloud object detection and post-processing were conducted using a LNGC cargo hold 3D point cloud. The scaffolding system point cloud object detection is based on the PointNet deep learning architecture that detects objects using point clouds, achieving 70% prediction accuracy. In addition, the possibility of improving the accuracy of object detection through parameter adjustment is confirmed, and the standard of Intersection over Union (IoU), an index for determining whether the object is the same, is achieved. To avoid the manual post-processing work, the object detection architecture allows automatic task performance and can achieve stable prediction accuracy through supplementation and improvement of learning data. In the future, an improved study will be conducted on not only the flat surface of the LNGC cargo hold but also complex systems such as curved surfaces, and the results are expected to be applicable in process progress automation rate monitoring and ship quality control.

• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2010년 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.387-388
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• 2010

There is no generalized and systematic method yet to data pre-processing for point cloud data classification even if there have been lots of previous studies such as local maxima filter, morphology filter, slope based filter and so on. Main focus of this study is to present classification method for bare ground information from LiDAR data for the mountainous area.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 지상라이다를 사용해 구조물을 측정한 점군데이터가 갖는 중복성을 피하고, 목표 구조물외에 불필요한 정보의 수를 감소시키도록 하는 점군데이터의 무손실 압축 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법을 적용하기 위해, 호프 변환을 이용하여 구조물과 지상라이다의 수평방향 사이의 각도를 찾아, 이를 점군데이터의 회전 변환에 적용하였다. 이로써 x축에 평행하도록 구성된 점군데이터에 대한 y좌표의 중복성은 기존의 데이터보다 많아지고, 따라서 압축률도 향상시킬 수 있다. 추가로, 불필요한 데이터를 찾아 정보량을 감소시키는 방법을 적용한다. 하나는 점군데이터를 데시메이션하는 것이고, 다른 하나는 목표 구조물이 갖는 y좌표의 범위를 찾아 목표로 하는 범위내 점군데이터만 추출하는 것이다. 제안한 방법은 실험을 통해 압축률이 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있다. 또한, 별도의 추가 정보 없이 점군데이터의 위치 정보만으로 데이터를 압축할 수 있고, 이 압축알고리듬으로 처리속도를 높일 수 있다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.272-276
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• 2000

Reverse engineering refers to the process that creates a physical part from acquiring the surface data of an existing part using a scanning device. In recent years, as the non-contact type scanning devices become more popular, the huge amount of point data can be obtained with high speed. The point data handling process, therefore, becomes more important since the scan data need to be refined for the efficiency of subsequent tasks such as mesh generation and surface fitting. As one of point handling functions, the cross-sectioning function is still frequently used for extracting the necessary data from the point cloud. The commercial reverse engineering software supports cross-sectioning functions, however, these are only for cross-sectioning the point cloud with the constant spacing and direction. In this paper, adaptive cross-sectioning point cloud which allow the changes of the spacing and directions of cross-sections according to the constant spacing and direction. In this paper, adaptive cross-sectioning algorithms which allow the changes of the spacing and directions of cross-sections according to the curvature difference of the point cloud data are proposed.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제26권6_3호
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• pp.1325-1332
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• 2023

Recently, much research is being conducted based on point cloud data for the growth of innovations such as construction automation in the transportation field and virtual national space. This data is often measured through remote control in terrain that is difficult for humans to access using devices such as UAVs and UGVs. Drones, one of the UAVs, are mainly used to acquire point cloud data, but photogrammetry using a vision camera, which takes a lot of time to create a point cloud map, is difficult to apply in construction sites where the terrain changes periodically and surveying is difficult. In this paper, we developed a point cloud mapping system by adopting non-repetitive scanning LiDAR and attempted to confirm improvements through field application. For accuracy analysis, a point cloud map was created through a 2 minute 40 second flight and about 30 seconds of software post-processing on a terrain measuring 144.5 × 138.8 m. As a result of comparing the actual measured distance for structures with an average of 4 m, an average error of 4.3 cm was recorded, confirming that the performance was within the error range applicable to the field.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2019년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.498-500
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• 2019

Point cloud is a flexible set of points that can provide a scalable geometric representation which can be applied in different computer graphic task. We propose a method based on EdgeConv and densely connected layers to aggregate the features for better classification. Our proposed approach shows significant performance improvement compared to the state-of-the-art deep neural network-based approaches.