• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.86-91
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• 2008

Ships operating in littoral sea are likely to be subjected to accidental load such as stranding. Once she has damage on the hull structure, her ultimate strength will be reduced. This paper is to investigate the effect of the stranding damage on ultimate strength of ship structure by using a series of collapse tests. For the experiment, 720 mm $\times$720 mm in section and 900mm in length of five box-girder models with stiffeners were pre- pared. Of the five, one has no damage and faur have an diamond shaped damage which represents the shape of rock section in seabed. The damage size is different between models. Among the damaged models, the damages of 3 of them were made by cutting the plate and one by pressing to represent stranding damage. Experiments were carried out under pure bending load and the applied load and displacements were recorded. The ultimate strength is reduced as the damage size increases, as expected. The largest damaged model has the damage size of 30% of breadth and its ultimate strength is reduced by 21% than that of no damaged one. The pressed one has lower ultimate strength than cut one. This might be due to the fact that the plate around the pressed damage area effect negatively on the ultimate strength.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1984

A scanning eletron microscopic study was performed to observe the tegumental surface of adult Fibricola seoulensis. The adult worms were collected from the small intestine of mice 5 days to 3 weeks after experimental infection with the metacercariae. The metacercariae were obtained from the viscera of the snakes, Matrix tigrina lateralis, by artificial digestion technique. The results were as follows: 1. The tegument of anterior body was covered with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes and that of posterior body showed finger-like processes. The posterior body had 4-5 large transverse wrinklings which formed many discontinued shallow rugae. 2. The entire surface of anterior body was regularly arranged with the spines of which tips diverged into 3 to 4 points. They were densely packed in anterior mid-median portion of dorsal surface where appeared a few spines indented upto 5 points. Farther laterally and posteriorly from this portion, the pointed spines were more sparse and became single tipped and extended to anterior one-third of posterior body, 3. The posterior surface of oral sucker was armed with 50-60 spines having 2-3 tips and ventral sucker also covered with such spines. On anteriormost dorsal surface arranged 60-70 spade-shaped spines. The tribocytic organ was armed with many stout recurved pile-like spines arranged radially. 4. There were 3 types of sensory papillae. The ciliated knob-like (Type I) papillae were almost bilaterally symmetrical in ventral and dorsal surfaces of anterior body, and abundant especially aroundbases of oral and ventral suckers, tribocytic organ, and in lateral margins of anterior body. About 24 non-ciliated round swellings (Type II) were observed around each lip of oral and ventral suckers. The plate-like elevated papilla without cilium (Type III) was found to distribute only in posterior body. These 3 types of papillae seem to be tangoreceptive and/or rheoreceptive in function when their morphology and distributions are considered.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.581-586
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• 2018

Cast iron manhole lids cause environmental pollution during the manufacturing process, and the work environment is very poor. In addition, if the height of the manhole cover does not match the height of the road surface, it causes considerable inconvenience and safety problems. This study proposes a height - adjustable steel manhole cover that can replace cast iron manhole covers and easily match the road surface with the upper surface of the manhole cover. Structural analysis was performed to grasp the design variable of the structure of the manhole cover, satisfying the required quality performance. To fabricate a manhole cover that satisfies the required load capacity, the optimal design for the U-shaped reinforcement structure was made. The cylindrical shape of the height adjustment part and the low frame were formed by bending the steel sheet into a circular shape and then welding. Reinforcing bars were also made by bending a steel plate. The height adjustment groove was machined by a CNC milling machine. Four prototypes were fabricated and a load bearing test was carried out, and new manhole cover was made reflecting results of the test. In the load bearing test, there was no breakage of the welded part, and deformation occurred mainly at the contact area between the groove and gusset plate. Deformation of 1 to 2.7mm occurred due to a load of 450kN. On the other hand, after removing the load, there was almost no residual deformation, and the load bearing evaluation was judged to be satisfactory because the manhole cover could be disassembled and reassembled.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.325-333
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• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to illustrate the circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) as a removable maxillary retainer with good potential patient compliance and to evaluate the discomfort of the retainers including distorted speech, gagging sensation and appliance discomfort. Methods: Sixty-six orthodontic patients (male, 23; female, 43; mean age, $23.42{\pm}10.19$ years) who received orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances were randomly assigned to two groups after debonding, a conventional wraparound retainer (CWR) group that fully covers the palate with an acrylic plate and a highly polished surface, and a circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) group which has a horseshoe shaped base plate with three folds on the anterior region. A questionnaire that had a visual analog scale (VAS) which consists of a 100-mm horizontal line with 2 end-points labeled "no discomfort" on the left and "worst discomfort" on the right, with regard to distorted speech, gagging sensation and discomfort, was administered to patients after 4 weeks of retainer wear. The Mann-Whitney test was used to test the hypothesis that there was no difference between the two retainers. Results: Comparing distorted speech and discomfort, the CCR group significantly had lower values than the CWR group ($p$ < 0.05). Comparing gagging sensation, the CCR group had lower values than the CWR group but there were no statistically significant differences between groups ($p$ = 0.146). Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggest that the circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) might facilitate patient compliance and thereby improve the maintenance of the fixed orthodontic treatment outcome.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.45-57
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• 2002

In this paper, the results gained by applying many impingement models to the cylinder and flat plate were analyzed in comparison with the experimental data to study a spray/wall interaction phenomena. To begin with, the behavior of spray injected normal to the wall was analysed using three different impingement models ; Naber and Reitz model(NR model), Watkins and Wang model(WW model) and Park and Watkins model(PW model) in the present calculation. The results obtained from these models were compared with experimental data of Katsura et. al. The results indicated that PW model was in better agreement with experimental data than the NR and WW model. Also f3r spray injected at 30DEG , the result of three models were compared with experimental data of Fujimoto et. al. The results showed that m model overpredicted the penetration in the radial direction because this model was based on the inviscid jet analogy. WW model did not predicted the radius and height of the wall spray effectively. It might be thought that this discrepancy was due to the lack of consideration of spray film velocity occurred at impingement site. The result of PW model agrees with the experimental data as time goes on. In particular, a height of the spray droplets was predicted more closely to the experimental data than the other two models. The results of PW model in which the spray droplets were distributed densely around the edge of droplet distribution shaped in a circle had an agreement with the experimental data of Fujimoto et. al. Therefore, it was concluded that PW model performed better than M and WW model for prediction of spray behavior. The numerical calculation using PW model performed to the cylinder similar to the real shape of DI engine. The results showed that vortex strength near the wall in the cylinder was stronger than that in the case of flat plate. Contrary to the flat plat, an existence of the side wall in the cylinder caused the tangential velocity component to be reduced and the normal velocity component to be increased. The flow tends to rotate to the inside of cylinder going upward to the right side wall of cylinder gradually as time passes. Also, the results showed that as the spray angle increases, the gas velocity distribution and the tumble flow seemed to be formed widely.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.382-389
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• 2019

A novel folding process is proposed using a repeated cold-die forging and annealing to form a sterling silver ring. Sterling silver plate was cut into a doughnut shape, and lattices with 0.43-mm line-width were imprinted on it. The sample was folded by forging using dies with slopes of $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $75^{\circ}$ and annealing. For comparison, samples were also fabricated without annealing. Strain was identified by measuring the length of lattices. Vernier calipers, a Vickers hardness tester, an optical microscope, and a UV-VIS colorimeter were used to determine the size, hardness, microstructure, and body color. Without annealing, cracks occurred. However, successful deformation was possible when annealing was used. The results of macro strain measurements show that the outer diameter and width decreased, while the inner diameter and thickness increased after the final process. The maximum strain was increased 0.128 toward the parallel direction. The Vickers hardness decreased after annealing and increased after the folding process. The microstructure results showed that the grain size increased after annealing but decreased after folding. The color difference based on the Lab index was under 10 for all processes. Eventually, a doughnut-shaped silver plate was successfully deformed into a ring shape by the folding process.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1998

Grief is the ordinarily self-limited complex of symptoms and processes that constitute the acute reaction to a significant loss. And it is the reaction of the dying as well as the bereaved. Every culture has had its own ways of grief and mourning. The definition of healthy grief and mourning, in terms of both emotional expression and the length of time it should continue, mostly depend upon the type of culture as well as the type of religion. So the manner of grief and mourning greatly differs from culture to culture. In the most of the Asian countries, influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, death is traditionally considered the most significant life cycle transition. In Chinese culture, many rituals have evolved to help family members deal with their loss, over the past five thousand years. Confucianism taught the virtues of filial piety and righteousness. These rules and many customs added since the time of Cofucius, have been loyally followed and practiced by many Asian people. However, Buddhists have different ideas. They believe in karma and reincarnation and in predetermination of one's present life by good or bad deeds in the present life and past lives. Display of uncontrollable emotion is not encouraged. Continuity of family relations after death is very important. The ancient practice of the ancestor worship is still followed in many Asian households. Many Buddhist do not practice ancestor worship; family members honor the deceased by placing a memorial plate in the temple for continued chanting purposes. The mourning rituals have been dramatically curtailed in the past 50 years. For example, political, social and economic forces have shaped the current mourning practices of Chinese in different countries. There are many clinical implications in helping Asian to deal better with the emotional strains of the experience of loss. The therapiest must respect the cultural framework through which the client perceives family losses.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare 1% chlorhexidine-gluconate/61% ethanol (CHG/Ethanol) emollient and 7.5% povidone-iodine (PVI) scrub for antimicrobial, residual effect, and skin condition. Method: CHG/Ethanol emollient hand hygiene was performed waterless, and brushless by operating doctors and nurses (N=20). PVI hand washing was performed with water and a brush (N=20) for 5 min. The subjects were asked to press their left hand in hand-shaped agar before a surgical scrub, immediately after a surgical scrub and after the operation. The amount of isolated microorganisms were calculated by counting the number of divided areas($1{\times}1cm$, 160 cell) which were culture positive in the hand culture plate. The skin condition was evaluated. Result: The antimicrobial count of CHG/Ethanol emollient and PVI immediately post surgical scrub was 0.0 vs. 4.1 (p>.05), and after the operation was 0.1 vs. 37.8 (p>.05)respectively. The Residual effect of CHG/Ethanol emollient immediately post surgical scrub and after the operation were 0.0 vs. 0.1 (p>.05), and PVI were 4.1 vs. 37.8 (p>.05)respectively. The skin condition and satisfaction of CHG/Ethanol emollient was higher than PVI (p<.05). Conclusion: The antimicrobial effect between CHG/Ethanol emollient and PVI were the same. Considering skin condition, satisfaction and allergic reaction CHG/Ethanol emollient for surgical scrub is recommended in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2014

In the acidic LB plate, a bacterial strain was isolated from homemade soybean paste as a producer of the extracellular mannanase. The isolate YB-1402, which was a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium with spore, has been identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the basis of its 16S rDNA sequence and biochemical properties. Maximum mannanase productivity of the isolate YB-1402 was reached approximately 150 U/ml in LB broth supplemented with konjac (3.0%). The molecular mass of YB-1402 mannanase was estimated to approximately 38.0 kDa by zymogram of the culture filtrate on SDS-PAGE. The mannanase of culture filtrate was the most active at $55^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5. The mannanase activity was completely maintained after pre-incubation at pH 3.0 to 10.0 for 1 h. The predominant products resulting from the mannanase hydrolysis were mannose, mannobiose and mannotriose for LBG or mannooligosaccharides. The enzyme could hydrolyze mannooligosaccharides larger than mannobiose.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2015

${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ was synthesized by solvothermal synthesis using ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ seed, precursor of fine boehmite (Al(OOH)) or gibbsite ($Al(OH)_3$), and 1, 4-butanediol solvent. The seed content and precursor type were selected as variables in order to synthesize ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$. The formation time of ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ was reduced and the size of the particles was decreased with addition of the seed. When the seed content was increased, the size of the synthesized ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ was reduced. Morphologies of the as-synthesized ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ with ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ seed were polyhedron-shaped, while the shape was plate-like or polyhedral without the seed, depending on the additives or the average particle size of the boehmite precursor. The aggregation of as-synthesized ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ from boehmite was smaller than that from gibbsite. As-synthesized ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$, with 140 nm size, was obtained by using the seed and boehmite precursor.