• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제47권7호
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• pp.629-641
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• 2014

본 연구의 핵심은 다양한 환경기초시설, 치수관련 시설물 등의 지자체별 개별적 건설과 운영에 따른 예산의 낭비와 비효율적 운영을 지양하는데 있다. 다음으로는 인접 지자체간의 협력적 운영을 통하여, 저출산 고령화 시대에 맞는 수자원시설의 효율성을 강화하여 규모의 경제를 달성하는 방안을 찾는데 있다. 지자체간의 협력을 유도하기 위해서는 관련시설의 투자비용의 합리적 배분이 필요하다. 이러한 합리적 비용배분의 방법으로 비례법, 샤플리방법, 분리비용잔여편익 산출법 등을 제안하고 있다. 지자체별로 건설 중인 하수처리장시설을 사례대상으로 하여 구체적인 적용방법을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구결과의 정책적인 시사점으로는 합리적 비용배분을 통하여 관련 지자체간의 갈등을 사전에 차단하는 동시에, 정부의 환경기초시설에 대한 지자체별 국고보조 방식보다는 유역의 협력적 예산으로 전환하는 것도 바람직한 정책으로 판단된다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.127-155
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• 2010

The international transactions of capital goods such as industrial plant exports, overseas constructions, and shipbuilding exports, are so huge that tremendous amount of funds are required, and that most of the loans are long-term credits of over five years. In the export of huge capital goods, financing is more crucial than technology itself. Some of the importing countries are developing ones that are politically and economically unstable. Therefore the financing mechanism for these transactions is conclusive in winning these projects. Global financial market instability caused by US sub-prime mortgage financial crisis expanded all over the world, and the international transactions have been decreased due to global credit crisis. This indicates how much influential the financing market is in international transactions. The financing schemes are classified into supplier credit and buyer credit by who provides the financing. A supplier credit is a credit extended by an exporter(seller) to an importer(buyer) as part of an export contract. Cover for this transaction may be extended by an export credit agency('ECA') to the exporter. In a sales contract a seller shall provide fund required to manufacture goods, and in a construction contract a contractor shall provide fund required to complete a construction. A buyer credit is an arrangement in which an exporter enters into a contract with an importer, which is financed by means of a loan agreement A Comparative Study on a Supplier Credit and a Buyer Credit in International Transactions of Capital Goods 155 where the borrower is the importer. In a sales contract a buyer shall provide fund required to manufacture and procure the goods, and in a construction contract an owner shall provide fund required to complete a construction. Therefore an exporter is paid on progressive payment method. A supplier credit and a buyer credit have their own advantages and disadvantages in the respect of the parties respectively. These two financing methods are selectively used considering financing conditions such as funding cost, importer's and/or exporter's financial conditions, importing country's political risk.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.11.1-11.8
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• 2010

Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country having at least one trillion US Dollars value of biological resources per year over the next 20 years. Indonesia is home to 11 percent of the world's flowering plant species and 12 percent of all mammals. Many of Indonesia's species and more than half of the archipelago's endemic plant species are found nowhere else on the Earth. This information is just a small portion of all higher plants and animals being found in Indonesia. Former studies described that total number of species in Indonesia is estimated more than 1,000,000 and most of them remain unknown scientifically. Most of lower plants and animals have not been studied yet, so that greatest portion of Indonesia's biological resources has never been assessed with respect to its economic value or conservation status. Many developed countries are building cooperation with Indonesia on resources, mainly in the fields of grant aid, socio-economic services, R & D, researcher exchange, technology transfer, infrastructure, education/training, finance, etc. Indonesia will obtain greater benefits and management of its biological richness via increasing its international capacity to add value and information to its biological diversity. These goals can be achieved by close international collaboration on search of important biological resources and other bioactive products that have potential economic values. Development of biological resource-based technology stands as the industry of the $21^{st}$ century and, therefore, Indonesia has a unique opportunity to lead the process in the world.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2020

The main battlefield of 'made in China 2025' proposed by the Chinese government is the deep integration of industrialization and informatization, among which intelligent manufacturing and new energy vehicles are the key links. New energy vehicle refers to the use of unconventional automotive fuel as a power source (or use conventional automotive fuel, the use of new vehicle-mounted power plant), integrated vehicle power control and driving aspects of advanced technology, the formation of advanced technical principles, with new technology and the structure of the vehicle. BYD's success in the battery, I T and automobile industries has attracted the attention of the industry, making it a shining new star in the Chinese business community. BYD 's innovation, diversification and corporate culture construction have certain enlightenment to the development of China's small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, by looking at the Chinese network literature, about BYD's research mainly focused on the development strategy, corporate finance, corporate performance, and corporate marketing, etc. This paper will take BYD as the research object and focus on corporate culture. Through literature analysis and qualitative analysis, it will summarize and further analyze the unique corporate culture of BYD, its important role, and provide relevant theoretical references for the construction and development of corporate culture in other industries.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2020

The study measures the resource use efficiency of diesel based power generation in the Maldives and analyses factors which influence efficiency levels. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) technique is applied to data on 30 plants over two year period from 2016 to 2017. The study finds that technical efficiency scores varies from 0.44 to 0.98 across power plants. About 33 percent of the plants have scores below the mean technical efficiency score of 0.87. Empirical results indicate ownership and use of solar photovoltaic (PV) have an influence on improving efficiency levels. Privately owned power plants in resort islands obtained higher technical efficiency scores compared to public and community owned power plants. This is a significant finding as the first study that used power plants in tourist sector in a comparative study. Size of the power plants was not found significant, but relatively small installed capacities can also be efficient. This finding is important because in many inhabited islands installed capacities remain oversized compared to the load. The benchmarking exercise offers model power plants that are relatively efficient, for other power plants and policy makers in small islands to learn from.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.112-121
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• 2013

Korean overseas construction has been on the rise, and exceeded the 2011 goal of $50 billion by securing $59.1 billion in orders. However, these orders were heavily concentrated in the Middle East (50%) and plant construction contracts (75%). This study suggests that, to maintain growth in foreign markets, Korea construction companies should enter into the high value-added investment development business and aggressively seek ways to diversify their regions of activity and construction types. To secure the entry of Korean construction companies into lucrative markets and better understand the competitive factors facing Korean construction concerns, a survey of the literature and focus group discussions targeting relevant experts were carried out. From those efforts, a list of 44 competitive factors crucial to entering and competing in the international investment development business was developed. Survey responses were analyzed by applying IPA. The results revealed that while Korean concerns compete well in engineering/technical capabilities, maintaining a cooperative relationship with contractors, and warranty/after sales service capabilities, their ability to obtain business information on the target country, to form private/public cooperative systems, and to build international human networks require immediate improvement.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2020

This research explores the appropriate rubber pricing model and the consistent empirical evidence. This model has been derived from the utility function and firm profit-maximization model of commodity goods. The finding shows that the period t - 1 affects expected commodity price and expected profit of commodity production. In fact, a change in the world price of rubber in the past period led to a change in the expected price of rubber in the short run which influenced the expected rubber profit. As a result, the past-period free on board price has an entirety effect on expected farm price of rubber given an exchange rate. In addition, the rubber pricing model indicates that the profit of local farmer on rubber plant depends solely on the world price of rubber in the short run in case of Thailand. In an empirical study, it was found that a change in the price of ribbed smoke sheet 3 in Singapore Commodity Exchange significantly and positively determined the fluctuation of rubber price at the farm gate in Thailand which was consistent with the behavior of the Thai farmers. Both prices are also cointegrated in the long run. That is, the result states that the VECM is an appropriated pricing model for forecasting the farm price in Thailand.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.231-243
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• 2022

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of conservative financial reporting on investment during uncertainty. It was assumed that during uncertainty conservative financial reporting can play an important role to improve investment decision-making. For our analysis, data sets from 2005-2020 of nonfinancial companies are used. To measure the impact of conservative financial reporting in the non-financial sector of Pakistan, Khan and Watts' (2009) model is applied. "Prospector" and "Defender" Business strategy is applied for measuring firm-level uncertainty. Investment is measured by adding the change in fixed assets (property, plant, and equipment). To check the robustness of conservative financial reporting, Givoly and Hayn's (2000) Negative Accruals measure is applied. To measure the robustness of uncertainty, environmental scanning and alertness technique is applied. According to environmental scanning and alertness technique, companies are divided into two groups named 'inert' and 'alert'. 'Inert' are those firms that are not scanning their environment, and 'alert' are those firms who continuously analyze their environment. The empirical estimations support our hypothesis. The empirical findings provide the proof that in the wake of uncertainty conservative financial reporting may facilitate to take optimal investment decisions in the developing economy of Pakistan. Our results provide critical and practical implications for investors, researchers, and standard setters.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.475-486
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• 2022

The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of material flow cost accounting (MFCA) in Vietnam's coal-fired thermal power plants. This study is based on the contingency and system theories to explain the application of management tools and analyze steps of input, output, and process in manufacturing. Costs in producing process-based MFCA include material cost, energy cost, system cost, and waste management cost. The exploratory case study methodology is used to describe and answer two questions, namely "How coal flow cost is recognized?" and "Why waste in material consumption can be harmful to the environment?". By analyzing the Quang Ninh and Pha Lai coal-fired thermal power plants that are the typical plants, this paper identifies the flow of primary material in these plants as a basis for determining losses for the business. The material flow of coal-fired thermal power plants provides the basis for the use of the MFCA. The manufacturing of electrical items in these plants is divided into four stages, each with its own set of losses. As a result, some phases in the application of MFCA are suggested, as well as some other elements required for MFCA application in coal-fired thermal power plants.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the effect of a rise in the global value chain (GVC) on the industry-level efficiency of resource allocation (based on plant-level inefficiency measures) in Korea, with a focus on various channels through which a rise in the GVC can increase competition among firms and thus induce resources to be allocated more efficiently across firms. Design/methodology - We empirically investigate the relationship between the industry-specific importance of GVC and the industry-level allocative inefficiency that is measured as the dispersion of the plant-level marginal revenue of capital (MRK) as in Hsieh and Klenow's (2009) influential model. We compute MRK dispersion for industries sorted by various characteristics that are closely related to firm/industry sensitivity to the GVC. In other words, we compute the average industry-level MRK dispersion for industries sorted by industry-specific importance of GVC and compute the difference between the two groups of industries (higher vs. lower than the median GVC); we also calculate the difference between industries sorted by industry-specific export (import) intensity. This is our difference-in-difference estimate of the MRK dispersion associated with the GVC for the export (import)-intensive industry versus the non-export (non-import)-intensive industry. This difference-in-difference estimate of the MRK dispersion conditional vs. unconditional on firm-level productivity is then calculated further (triple-difference estimate). Findings - A rise in GVC is associated with a decrease in the MRK dispersion in the export-intensive industry compared to the non-export-intensive industry. The same is true for industries that rely heavily on imports versus those that do not (i.e., import intensive vs. non-intensive). Furthermore, the reduction in the MRK dispersion in the export-intensive industry associated with an increase in the GVC is disproportionately greater for high-productivity firms. In contrast, the negative relationship between GVC and MRK dispersion in the import-intensive industry is disproportionately smaller for high-productivity firms. Originality/value - Existing studies focus on the relationship between GVC and aggregate output, exports, and imports at the country level. We investigate detailed firm/industry-level mechanisms that determine the relationship between GVC, trade, and productivity. Using the plant-level data in South Korea, we investigate how GVC is related to the cross-firm MRK dispersion, an important measure of allocative inefficiency, based on Hsieh and Klenow's (2009) influential economic theory. This is the first study to provide plant-level evidence of how GVC affects MRK dispersion. Furthermore, we examine how the relationship between GVC and MRK-dispersion varies across export intensity, import intensity, and firm-level productivity, providing insight into how GVC can affect firms' exposure to competition in the global market differently depending on market conditions and thus generate trade-related productivity gains.