• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.749-756
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• 2016

This study shows how the growth of the top part of plants cultivated using the single-row strawberry method, with 12 cm plant spacing, as well as that of plants cultivated through conventional planting, is characterized by the presence of many leaves in the first flower cluster harvest. The leaf area and crown diameter were the largest in the 12 cm spacing method. The hight top fresh weight (59.2 g) was detected wen the 12 cm spacing method was used followed by conventional planting and, 9 cm and 6 cm spacing method. The K and Ca contents in the first flower cluster were the highest when the 12 cm spacing method (2.0% and 2.1%, respectively) and conventional planting, (0.42% and 0.86%, respectively) were used, and these values were significantly higher than the K and Ca contents obtained using the other two methods. The N, P, Mg, Fe, and B contents show no significant differences across the planting methods. The sugar content of the first flower cluster fruits was the highest when the 12 cm spacing method was used, while the sugar content of the fourth flower cluster fruits was highest after conventional planting. Firmness was the highest in the first, third, and fourth flower clusters after conventional planting, while no significant differences were observed for the 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm spacing methods. A yield of 25 g or above during November to December was observed to be the highest when the 12 cm spacing method was used, while a yield of 10-16 g was the highest when both the 9 cm and 12 cm spacing methods werw used. The yield of products in January-April was the highest when the 12 cm spacing and conventional planting methods were used, and total product yield was also the highest for these methods. A significant portion of non-marketable products (39 g) was obtained when the conventional planting method was used.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.363-372
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• 2013

This experiment was carried out for development of environment-friendly agriculture materials to control Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in eggplant. Plant growth investigated the spray at intervals of 7 days after transplanting on 8 environment-friendly agriculture materials, such as egg-yolk and cooking oil, Results were to be good in the control and neem products. B. tabaci population density adult and nymph was low at the dinotefuran WG chemical treatment, and also low neem products of environment-friendly agriculture material. We have investigated the effect of different concentration of neem products on B. tabaci population density. Yield was high in the dinotefuran WG, and hight in the neem products and papper seed oil, but low in the sophora extracts and Ginko net sarcocarp. In the case of neem products treatment indicated 52 percent yield more than control.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature control by a shade tree and the lawn area. In this investigation, we find out that artificial-lawn, concerte, and exposed soil are more higher temperature than covered with plant materials. The results of the measurement may to summerized as follows; 1) Low-temperature effects of zoysia japonica is more controlled by condition of growth than leaf length of grass. Surface temperature make 0.7$^{\circ}C$ difference between long grass (15cm), and short grass (5cm), but make 5$^{\circ}C$ difference between good growth grass (230/10$\textrm{cm}^2$) and bad growth grass (80/10$\textrm{cm}^2$). 2) The surface temperature of the lawn area is 40.5$^{\circ}C$ lower on a maxinum than that of the artificial lawn (July 28, 1985). During the day of summer, shade area under the shade tree is 0.9$^{\circ}C$ lower then lawn area surface temperature, 6.9$^{\circ}C$ lower than bad growth lawn, 10.3$^{\circ}C$ lower than exposed soil, and 18$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete surface temperature. 3) Natural irrigation effect on the surface temperature fluctuation. But this effect is changed by compositions of ground materials and time-lapse. 4) Sunny day is more effective than cloud day. 5) In summer season, surface temperature make a difference compare to temperature of 0.5-1.5m height from ground : Surface temperature is 3.4$^{\circ}C$ lower at the lawn area (11 a.m.), 4.2$^{\circ}C$ lower at the shade area the shade tree, 12.7$^{\circ}C$ higher at the concrete area (3p.m.), 38.8$^{\circ}C$ higher at the artificial lawn (2p.m.) 6) According to compositions of ground materials and season have specific vertical temperature distribution curve. 7) In summer season, temperature distribution of 0.5-1.5m hight at the shade tree is 4.8-5.7$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete area (noon-3p.m.)

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.148-155
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• 1985

This study was conducted to find out the effect of rice straw and wollastonite applied to the paddy soil on the growth and yield of the rice plant. The soil was treated with two level of straw 0 and 88gr per pot, of which respectively combined with 4 levels of wollastonite, 0 (Avail $SiO_2$: 50 ppm), 27 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 150 ppm), 85 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 300 ppm) and 185 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 450 ppm) gr per pot. The results for two years experiment were as follows. 1. Application of rice straw and wollastonite, respectively, suppressed the growth of the plant at early stage. As a consequence the hight and number of tiller of the plant were comparatively smaller, but the combined effect of rice straw and wollastonite treatment on the plant growth appeared after the maximum tillering stage and got a better yield as compared with single treatment of rice straw or wollastonite. 2. At the pot of no rice straw and 27 gr wollastonite treatment, and also pot of rice straw and 85gr (in the year of 1983 experiment) as well as 135gr wollastonite treatment (in the year 1984 experiment), the yield of total dry material and unhulled rice of the plant were respectively higher than other pots in different treatment and the plant height showed similar tentency. Application of rice straw in paddy soil appeared to require more wollastonite for growth of the rice plant as compared with no rice straw application. 3. The highest yield was obtained at the pot with rice straw and 85gr of wollastonite treatment in the year of 1983 experiment, were its yield had 25% increament as compared with the control pot, while being studied for residual effect of rice straw and wollastonite application in the next year, the highest yield was obtained at the pot with rice straw and 135gr wollastonite treatment, where its yield had 30% increament as compared with the control pot.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.482-492
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• 2000

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are known to increase plant growth as well as to enhance salt tolerance of plants where plant roots are colonized by VAM. In pot experiment, pepper was grown in soil containing 0, 200, 400, and $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ with and without mycorrhizal inoculum. Pots were irrigated with saline water containing 0.5, 2.0, and $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$. At 0, 200, and $400P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments, plant hight in mycorrhizal treatments was significantly different compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. However, plant hight at $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ was not different between mycorrhizal and nomycorrhizal treatments. Leaf area at $0P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments, and $200P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$ in mycorrhizal treatments significantly increased compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. However, these increase were not discovered in high salinity and P level. Level of EC affected dry weight, and especially, interection of P and EC, or P and VA inoculation highly affected root dry weight. R/S ratio generally decreased in mycorrhizal treatments. Significantly decreased R/S ratio was shown at 0, 400, and $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$. Chlorophyll content generally increased with decreased salinity and P level where mycorrhizal treatments showed higher chlorophyll content compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. The benefits of VAM inoculation on fruit production was discovered at only low P level and salinity. Mycorrhizal dependency on dry weight basis was generally shown in $0P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments and 0.5, $2.0dS\;m^{-1}$ of $200P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ level. Colonization rate ranged 3.3 to 43.3% and number of spores was 47.7 to 198.3 $100g^{-1}$ soil. Colonization rate and number of spores increased with decreased P level and salinity where there was high correlation ($r=0.858^{**}$) between both. Also improved uptake of mineral nutrients was discovered at mycorrhizal treatments in decreased P level and salinity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2015

This study was performed to identify the effect of fertilizer application and planting method on growth and yield of 'Seolhyang' strawberry during seedling raising. According to the concentration of fertilizer applied, the height of daughter plants was the highest at an EC of $0.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Leaf number and crown diameter were greatest at an EC of $0.6-0.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. In the first measurement, root number was highest in non-fertilizer application, while root weight was heaviest in non-fertilizer application and EC $0.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The higher the concentration of fertilizer applied as culture media, the lower the growth rate. Thirty days after planting on the main field, plant height and number of new leaf were highest at an EC of $0.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. However, no significant difference was found in leaf length and width and chlorophyll content according to fertilizer application. Marketable yield of 25 g or higher was greatest in EC $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. In contrast, no significance was found in total marketable yield at an EC of $0.4-0.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Aconsistent pattern was exhibited in the growth of 1-5 harvesting flower clusters according to planting method. The length of leaf and flower cluster was short and chlorophyll content was low, when bed soil was removed 100% in harvesting of the first flower cluster. In all treatment, leaf length was shortened until harvesting of the second and third flower cluster, but rapidly lengthened in harvesting of the third and fourth flower clusters. Moreover, the length of flower cluster had a increasing tendency from harvesting of the third flower cluster. However, chlorophyll content was reduced continuously until harvesting of the fifth flower cluster, and was lowest in harvesting of the fourth flower cluster without removal of bed soil. Total yield was greatest in treatment of crown removal in bed soil between November and May. Late marketable yield between March and May was highest in treatment of 100% bed soil removal, followed by treatment of crown removal. Marketable yield of 25 g or higher was greatest in treatment of crown removal between December and February, while greatest in treatment of 100% bed soil removal between March and May.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2008

To investigate main air temperature factors correlated to difference of fruit characteristics according to cultivating areas, fruit and air temperature characteristics of eight cultivating areas of 'Fuyu' persimmon were analyzed by principle components and multiple regression analysis. The first principal components extracted from 16 air temperature factors was annual mean temperature, mean temperature during October, annual mean minimum extreme temperature, mean temperature during growing period, and so forth. The second principal components was mean temperature during May and June and so forth. And cumulative contribution was 91.4%. The five of eight cultivating area had clearly the difference of main factors or the correlated direction among cultivating areas. In multiple regression analysis between the extracted main factors and fruit characteristics, fruit hight were highly correlated with mean temperature during growing period ($X_8$) and cumulative temperature ($X_6$), and the regression equation was $Y=150.55-5.375X_8+ 0.014X_6(r^2=0.843)$. Also this regression equation was affected by mean minimum temperature during growing period, cumulative temperature, and mean temperature during August. Fruit diameter was negatively correlated with mean temperature during growing period, flesh browning rate and Hunter a value of peel color were positively correlated with mean minimum temperature during growing period and annual minimum air temperature, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2009

This study was carried to investigate effects of optimum supply strengths of 'Sonneveld' nutrient solution on growth characteristics in container seedling of trees (Pinus densiflora, Torreya nucifera, Quercus acutissina and Fraxinus mandshurica) using developed media with used-rockwool. Flesh weight, height and trunk diameter in container seedling of Torreya nucifera were better in high strengths. In container seed ling of Torreya nucifera, flesh weight more increased in 1.5 and 3.0 strengths and hight and trunk diameter more increased in 1.5 strength than the rest. Flesh weight in container seedling of Quercus acutissina was heaviest in 2.0 strength and was lightest in 1.0 strength. Height and dry weight in 2.0 and 3.0 strengths and trunk diameter and total chlorophyll in 2.0 strength were better than in the rest. Besides photosynthesis rate was more high in 1.5 and 2.0 strengths than in the rest. In container seedling of Fraxinus mandshurica, flesh weight, height and trunk diameter more increased in 0.5 strength and total chlorophyll and photosynthesis rate were good in 0.5 and 2.0 strengths. Most growth characteristics were poor in 3.0 strength.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.300-307
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• 2010

Greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate tolerance of six rice cultivars, three Indica${\times}$Japonica rice (long grain, cv. Dasanbyeo, Segejinmi and Hanareumbyeo) and three Japonica rice (short grain, Nampyung, Ilpumbyeo and Junamjosaeng) cultivars, to mesotrione+pretilachlor (MP) and bensulfuron-methyl+mesotrione+pretilachlor+pyriftalid (BMPP) in transplanting rice. Two herbicides were applied at 90 g and 180 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ to three to four leaf stage rice at 5 and 15 days after transplanting, respectively. Related study was also conducted to compare $GR_{50}$ for Indica${\times}$Japonica and Japonica rice cultivars at different MP rates. Response to two herbicides varied with respect to rice cultivars and herbicide rates. All Indica${\times}$Japonica rice cultivars exhibited susceptible to both MP and BMPP as reflected by increased visual injury, shorter plant height and higher plant dry matter reduction when compared with nontreated rice cutlivars. The degree of foliar chlorosis by MP at 90 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ was 5~6 at 7 days after treatment(DAT) but it was decreased to 3~6 at 14DAT. The degree of leaf chlorosis treated with 180 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ MP was 6~7 at 7DAT and it was also decreased to 3~8 at 14 DAT. The plant hight of Indica${\times}$Japonica rices was inhibited by 18~43% at application of 90 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ MP and 30~50% at 180 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ MP. The dry matter reduction was greater than that of plant height inhibition, showing 46~73% at 90 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ MP and 65~82% at 180 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ MP. Similar leaf chlorosis injury and growth inhibition of rice cultivars was observed in the BMPP treatment. The injury and growth inhibition by MP and BMPP increased with increase in herbicide rate from 90 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ to 180 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$. However, most of the Japonica cultivars are tolerant to MP and BMPP at both rates. There was no visible leaf chlorosis but plant height and dry matter production were slightly reduced at 180 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$. Based on $GR_{50}$ value determined in reduction of shoot dry weight for MP, the Indica${\times}$Japonica rice showed 12.9 fold lower compared with the Japonica rice. The result indicates that rice cultivars vary in tolerance to herbicides of MP and BMPP and Indica${\times}$Japonica rices were more susceptible than the Japonica rices to the MP and BMPP.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.104-111
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• 2016

Recently, the quantities of chemical material are increasing in chemical industries. At that time, release accident is increasing due to aging of equipment, mechanical failure, human error, etc. and industrial complexes found community properties in a specific area. For that matter, chemical release accident can lead to hight probability of large disaster. There is a need to analyze the boundaries optimal sensor placement calculated by selecting release scenarios through release condition and wether condition in a chemical process for release detection and response. This paper is to investigate chlorine release accident scenarios using COMSOL. Through accident scenarios, a numerical calculation is studied to determine optimized sensor placement with weight of detection probability, detection time and concentration. In addition, validity of sensor placement is improved by robustness analysis about unpredicted accident scenarios. Therefore, this verifies our studies can be effectively applicable on any process. As mention above, the result of this study can help to place mobile sensor, to track gas release based concentration data.