• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.140-153
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• 1997

In this paper, we explain Production Liability(PL) law and research Protection and Deference of Manufacturing Company for Production Liability Law. As Protection of Manufacturing company for PL law, we suggest company wide strategy and check list of organization of PL, design, manufacturing field, explanatory note, warning and instruct passage, sales and after service etc as TQM(total quality management) strategic. TQM of protect management of PL, which are all systematic manage of company. We also suggest defence of PL law as inside of company and insure PL insurance as outside of company.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the effects of pyroligneous liquor on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in the liver of Cri/Bgi CD rats (7 rats per group). Male rats were fed a basic diet prepared in our Lab., PL-0 (Control), PL-1, PL-25, PL-50 and PL-75 groups were Prepared to be 0%, 1%, 25%, 50% and 75%with distilled water using pyroligneous liquor (35% of Choa Co. Ltd.), and were administrated orally for 8 weeks. Superoxide radical contents in liver mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased to 12-14%, 11-15%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50groups compared with the control group. Hydroxyl radical content in mitochondria and microsomes were markedly decreased to 12-20% and 17%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50% groups compared with the control group. Hydrogen peroxide content in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased about 15-12% and 22-20% in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD activities in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups were remarkably increased to 15-25%, 11-16%, respectively, compared with the control group. GPx activities in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly increased in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. CAT activities in mitochondria and cytosol were significantly increased to 12-14%, 15-27%, respectively, in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. These results suggest that long term administration orally of 25 and 50% pyroligneous liquor may effectively inhibit the formation of oxygen free radicals, and also scavenger enzyme activities significantly increase through the administration orally.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.181-191
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• 2007

Logistics creates a boom in accordance with the recent new technique's development along with the recent RFID/USN of ubiquitous computing technique. The wave of 4PL(Fourth Party Logistics) that added the strategic consulting based on new IT techniques to logistics outsourcing through existing 3PL service with is a great issue. Moreover, the customer enterprises which contained manufacturers and distributors need the one stop service, therefore a method for effectively dealing with global logistics' environment changes is needed. Above all, a development of the 4PL system with RFID is very urgent. We developed the RFID u-4PL system progressed more than the present system, in which we applied many international standards. Finally, we constructed the web service based on Web 2.0 because of important condition of 4PL.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.87-95
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• 2007

Logistics creates a boom in accordance with the recent new technique's development along with the recent RFID/USN of ubiquitous computing technique. The wave of 4PL(Fourth Party Logistics) that added the strategic consulting based on new IT techniques to logistics outsourcing through existing 3PL service with is a great issue. Moreover, the customer enterprises which contained manufacturers and distributors need the one stop service, therefore a method for effectively dealing with global logistics' environment changes is needed. Above all, a development of the 4PL system with RFID is very urgent. We developed the RFID u-4PL system progressed more than the present system, in which we applied many international standards. Finally, we constructed the web service based on Web 2.0 because of important condition of 4PL.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2021

The electroluminescence (EL) intensities of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are estimated based on their photoluminescence (PL) properties. The PL intensity obtained under open-circuit conditions is divided into two parts: the PL intensity under a forward bias lower than the optical turn-on voltage, and the difference between the PL intensities under open-circuit conditions and under forward bias. The luminescence induced by photoexcitation under a constant forward bias lower than the optical turn-on voltage is primarily the PL from the excited area of the LED. In contrast the intensity difference, obtained by subtracting the PL intensity under the forward bias from that under open-circuit conditions, contains the EL induced by the photocarriers generated during photoexcitation. In addition, a reverse photocurrent is generated during photoexcitation under constant forward bias across the LED, and can be correlated with the PL-intensity difference. The relationship between the photocurrent and PL-intensity difference matches well the relationship between the injection current and EL intensity of LEDs. The ratio between the photocurrent generated under a bias and the short-circuit current is related to the ratio between the PL-intensity difference and the PL intensity under open-circuit conditions. A relational expression consisting of the ratios, short-circuit current, and PL under open-circuit conditions is proposed to estimate the EL intensity.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.43-59
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the inhibitory effect of Persimmon Leaves extract (PL) on melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells B16F10. Methods: The inhibitory effects of PL on melanin synthesis were determined by in vitro assay. To elucidate inhibitory effects of PL on melanin synthesis, we determined the melanin release and melanin production in B16F10. And to investigate the action mechanism, we assessed the gene expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, PKA, PKC${\beta}$, ERK-1, ERK-2, AKT-1, MITF in B16F10. Results: 1. PL inhibited melanin release, melanin production in B16F10. 2. PL inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro and in B16F10. 3. PL suppressed the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 in B16F10. 4. PL suppressed the expression of PKA, PKC${\beta}$ in B16F10. 5. PL increased the expression of ERK-1, ERK-2, AKT-1 in B16F10. 6. PL suppressed the expression of MITF in B16F10. Conclusion: From these results, it may be concluded that PL is possesed of the antimelanogenetic effects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Product liability (PL), which began enforcement in 2002, refers to the legal responsibility of the manufacturers or sellers (wholesales or retailers) for the property damage or bodily harm caused by their product. With a strong enforcement of the Product Liability (PL) Act, companies are required to structure and operate a response system to defend or prevent product accidents efficiently, but small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are unable to respond more aggressively due to limitation of management resources. In this manner, it is important to develop response strategies for SMEs to efficiently cope with the PL Act. In this paper, the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis is performed to reveal the impact of the PL Act on SMEs in macro-economic point of view. To formulate SME's PL response strategy, SWOT analysis is performed to categorize each factors from PEST analysis and AHP is applied to identify the intensities of SWOT factors. The prioritized SWOT factor, results of PEST-SWOT-AHP analysis, are used to formulate SME's PL response strategies. The study results are briefly summarized as follows. To reduce product defects, it is necessary for SMEs to formulate PL response strategies for each phase of the product life cycle by continuously collecting and analyzing PL cases in the same industry or for similar products. In addition, SMEs should invest more technological effort to ensure product safety. Further, SMEs should spread PL awareness to all staff members by training internal PL experts. Moreover, a SME should enroll in PL insurance and spread this information to its customers so that they become aware that the company is proactively conforming to the PL law.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.22-30
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• 2017

PL (Product Liability) refers to the legal responsibility of a manufacturer or seller for bodily injuries or property losses caused by product defects. Therefore, it is important for companies to construct a product liability response system that strategically manage and effectively adapt to product liability. A PL response system refers to companywide operations of PL prevention (PLP) measures, product safety (PS) measures, and PL defense (PLD) measures appropriate for a company's scale and environment. To establish an enterprise product liability response system, each essential component of corporations should be systematically operated and maintained considering the scale and characteristics of the corporations. Essential components of PL response system is Strategy, Organization, Training, Technology, Investment, and Awareness. Role of essential components is that companies need specific strategies to secure product safety and protect customers from product defects, and appropriate organizations must be composed for effective operation of such strategies. The objective of this paper seeks to examine the relationships among the essential components of the product liability response system and PL performance. PL performance consists of positive performance and negative performance. In particular, positive performance include increased efforts in product or process innovation such as strengthening research and development (R&D) to produce safer products without defects. In order to carry out this research we obtained 98 questionnaire of manufacturing company. A summary of the analyses is as follows: First, the awareness and technology among essential components affect significantly to the positive performance. Second, the awareness and strategy among essential components negative affect to the negative performance.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.474-480
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• 2009

We have investigated optical properties of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs (100) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy, by means of photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. InAs QDs were grown by using In interruption growth technique, in which the In flux was periodically interrupted by a closed In shutter during InAs QDs growth. The shutter of In source was opened for 1 s and then closed for 0, 9, 19, 29, or 39 s. This growth sequence was repeated 30 times during QDs growth. For each sample, the total amount of In contributing to the growth was the same (30 s) but total growth time was varied during the InAs growth. As the In interruption time is increased from 0 to 19 s, the PL peak position of the QDs is red-shifted from 1096 to 1198 nm, and the PL intensity is increased. However, the PL peak is unchanged and the intensity is decreased as the In interruption time is increased further to 39 s. The PL decay times measured at the PL peak position for all the InAs QDs are independent on the QD growth conditions and showed about 1 ns. The red-shift of PL peak and the increase of PL intensity can be explained due to increased QD size and the enhancement in the migration of In atoms using In interruption technique. These results indicated that the size and shape of InAs QDs can be controlled by using In interruption growth technique. Thus the emission wavelength of the InAs QDs on GaAs substrate can also be controlled.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.321-326
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• 2013

The effect of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the optical properties of digital-alloy InGaAlAs multiple quantum well (MQW) structures have been investigated by using photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL measurements as a function of RTA temperature. The MQW samples were annealed from $700^{\circ}C$ to $850^{\circ}C$ for 30 s in a nitrogen atmosphere. The MQW sample annealed at $750^{\circ}C$ exhibited the strongest PL intensity and the narrowest FWHM (Full width at half maximum), indicating the reduced nonradiative recombination centers and the improved interfaces between the wells and barriers. The MQW samples annealed at $800^{\circ}C$ and $850^{\circ}C$ showed the decreased PL intensities and blueshifted PL peaks compared to $750^{\circ}C$-annealed sample. The blueshift of PL peak with increasing RTA temperatures are ascribed to the increase of aluminum due to intermixing of gallium (Ga) and aluminum (Al) in the interfaces of InGaAs/InAlAs short-period superlattices. The decrease of PL intensity after annealing at $800^{\circ}C$ and $850^{\circ}C$ are attributed to the interface roughening and lateral composition modulation caused by the interdiffusion of Ga and Al and indium segregation, respectively. With increasing RTA temperature the PL decay becomes slower, indicating the decrease of nonradiative defect centers. The optical properties of digital-alloy InGaAlAs MQW structures can be improved significantly with optimum RTA conditions.