• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.56-61
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• 2015

Purpose: We report on the clinical result after coverage of a soft tissue defect on the medial foot and ankle with an adipofascial flap based on the perforator from the posterior tibia artery. Materials and Methods: Nine patients with soft tissue defects on the medial foot and ankle area from March 2009 to May 2014 underwent the procedure. Average age was 54 years old (range, 8~82 years). There were five male patients and four female patients. The causes of the defect were trauma (4), tumor (3), and infection (2). The pivot point of transposition of this flap is the lower perforator originating from the posterior tibia artery. The fatty tissue side of this flap could be used to resurface the defect. The donor site was closed primarily with the preserved skin, and a small caliber drain tube was used. The split-thickness skin graft was grafted to the flap and the wound. If the wound was still infected, this skin graft could be performed at a later date. Results: All flaps survived and normal soft tissue coverage was obtained for the medial foot and ankle of all patients after the skin graft. Normal footwear was possible for all cases because of thin coverage. There was an extension contracture on the medial ray of the foot, which was resolved by contracture release and skin graft. Conclusion: For the medial foot and ankle soft tissue defect, the medial crural adipofascial flap based on a perforator branch of the posterior tibia artery could be a good option to cover it.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.312-326
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• 2005

최근 정보검색과 기계번역과 같은 자연언어응용에서 영-한 자동 음차표기에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 지금까지의 영-한 자동 음차표기 연구에는 $<영어자소{\rightarrow}$한글자소>의 직접방식, <영어자소${\rightarrow$음소$\rightarrow$한글자소>의 피봇방식이 있다 기존의 영-한 음차표기 연구들은 주로 직접방식에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 찼다. 하지만, 음차표기는 직접방식에서 사용하는 단순한 자소 대 자소변환 작업이라기보다는 자소의 음성적 변환 작업이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 자소 뿐만 아니라 음소 등 음성적 정보가 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 특성을 이용하여 자소 정보뿐만 아니라 음소 정보를 이용한 음차표기 기법을 제안한다. 주어진 자소와 음소 및 자소와 음소의 문맥정보를 이용하여 한국어 음차표기를 생성하는 본 논문의 기법은 약 $60\%$의 단어 정확도를 나타내었다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.506-512
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• 2003

위성 중계기의 무게와 부피를 최소화 하기 위하여 출력 멀티플렉서는 매니폴드(manifold) 형태로 많이 설계한다. 매니폴드 형태의 출력 멀티플렉서의 정확한 성능을 구현하기 위해서는 이에 사용하는 각각의 채널 필터는 단일 종단으로 설계하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 필터의 전달 함수로부터 orthogonal projection 및 행렬의 평면회전(plane rotation)을 이용하여 6차 단일종단 이중모드 필터의 회로망 파라미터인 입출력 저항 및 결합 행렬을 구할 수 있는 합성 방법에 대하여 설명하였다. 특히 평면 회전 과정에서의 회전 행렬의 피벗 및 회전각을 제시하여 구현 가능한 결합 계수를 용이하게 얻을 수 있도록 하였다. 두 개의 서로 다른 구조를 갖는 필터에 대하여 동일한 전달 함수로부터 각각의 회로망 파라미터를 추출하였다. 본 논문에서 서술한 단일종단 필터의 회로망 파라미터 추출법은 다른 차수의 필터에도 적용이 가능하다.

• 의료법학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.622-660
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• 2004

Medical services aren't done by doctors only but by different medical personnels. If any medical accident takes place, to what extent doctors, nurses and other personnels should respectively be liable for that should be determined. And when an employed doctor does any illegal medical act, his or her employer also should be responsible for that as a user. If a medical accident occurs, the victim or patient usually claims against the employer of the doctor sho causes the accident for compensation. And those who assist medical treatment, including nurses, should be liable for their own acts, but in case their doctor doesn't give any appropriate directions, the doctor should shoulder the liability. This indicates that nurses are also professional medical personnels, and that they should share the liability as well. There are lots of different medical personnels, but doctors and nurses are the pivot of team treatment, and nurses should also take responsibility for their services. Doctors and nurses are equal, as they are in pursuit of the same, namely, helping patients recover their health. Only their roles are different. If they respect each other and see each other as being responsible for their own roles, they will be able to consult together. Medical information on patients and nursing information should be shared by both of them, and patients should be provided accurate treatment and nursing services. If those who offer nursing services are unaware of required information due to conflicts with doctors, it might result in threatening the safety of patients. And in case any important information isn't properly conveyed between them, it might trigger a medical accident. Sophisticated and complex medical science requires medical personnels to be professional, and nurses as well as doctors need to be an expert. The fact treatment-related accidents take place often indicates that treatment is basically attended with danger. Furthermore, patients respond to all sorts of investigation and medicine in a different manner. They should be professional and knowledgeable to predict how they might respond and prevent any possible hazardous situations, and they are expected to have more knowledge in the future. Nonetheless, there aren't yet enough studies on the legal liability of nurses, and this study is expected to pave the way for future research on nurse liability against medical accidents.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.709-715
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• 2014

Background The distally based sural artery flap is a reliable, local reconstructive option for small soft tissue defects of the distal third of the leg. The purpose of this study is to describe an adipofascial flap based on a single sural nerve branch without sacrificing the entire sural nerve, thereby preserving sensibility of the lateral foot. Methods The posterior aspect of the lower limb was dissected in 15 cadaveric limbs. Four patients with soft tissue defects over the tendo-achilles and ankle underwent reconstruction using the adipofascial flap, which incorporated the distal peroneal perforator, short saphenous vein, and a single branch of the sural nerve. Results From the anatomical study, the distal peroneal perforator was situated at an average of 6.2 cm (2.5-12 cm) from the distal tip of the lateral malleolus. The medial and lateral sural nerve branches ran subfascially and pierced the muscle fascia 16 cm (14-19 cm) proximal to the lateral malleolus to enter the subcutaneous plane. They merged 1-2 cm distal to the subcutaneous entry point to form the common sural nerve at a mean distance of 14.5 cm (11.5-18 cm) proximal to the lateral malleolus. This merging point determined the pivot point of the flap. In the clinical cases, all patients reported near complete recovery of sensation over the lateral foot six months after surgery. All donor sites healed well with a full range of motion over the foot and ankle. Conclusions The distally based sural artery adipofascial flap allowed for minimal sensory loss, a good range of motion, an aesthetically acceptable outcome and can be performed by a single surgeon in under 2 hours.

• Strategy21
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• 통권32호
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• pp.160-191
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• 2013

This article is focused how the maritime strategy between continental powered country(the Soviet, the China) and maritime powered country(the U.S.) interact with attack and defense theory. We will know, what is the maritime strategy that the U.S. of military superiority has pursued with the point of view of attack, on the other hand, relatively what is the maritime strategy that the Soviet-Sino of military inferiority has pursued with the point of view of defense. In cold war, the Soviet has counteracted to 'blue belt defense' in active defense as to the U.S. 'sea strike' and in post cold war, the China counteract to 'A2/AD' as to the U.S. 'Air-Sea Battle'. The difference between the Soviet-Sino maritime strategy is that the China has emerged the second an economic power and their leadership has a strong's will to strengthen their navy's power. although the U.S. declare the pivot to Asia, the influence on Asia of the U.S. tend to decrease because of sequest. therefore, the China will seek to the more active defense beyond the first island chain. Meanwhile, the U.S. has reinforced of 'hub and spoke strategy' to solidify the U.S. formal allies to band together regional powers and to overcome the A2/AD challenge, the U.S. has been developed that the Air-Sea Battle concept meshes with Washington's 'rebalancing' policy toward the Asia-Pacific as its vital missions to safeguard core island or semi-island allies-namely, Korea and Japan-and crucial sea lanes of communication in the region are conducted mostly from or over the sea.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.461-469
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• 2017

A segment of the wave board has been expressed as a submerged line segment in the two dimensional wave flume. The lower end of the line segment could be extended to the bottom of the wave flume and the other opposite upper end of the board could be extended to the free surface. It is assumed that the motion of the wave board could be defined by the sinusoidal motion in horizontal direction on either end of the wave board. When the amplitude of sinusoidal motion of the wave board on lower and upper end are equal, the wave board motion could express the horizontally oscillating submerged segment of piston type wave generator. The submerged segment of flap type wave generator also could be expressed by taking the motion amplitude differently for the either end of the board. The pivot point of the segment motion could play a role of hinge point of the flap type wave generator. Simplified analytic solution of oscillating submerged wave board segment in water of finite depth has been derived through the first order perturbation method at two dimensional domain. The case study of the analytic solution has been carried out and it is found out that the solution could be utilized for the design of wave generator with arbitrary shape by linear superposition.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2008

The purpose of this preliminary study was to develop a measurement for assessing risk factors for falling in community-dwelling elderly persons. Rasch analysis and principal component analysis were performed to examine whether items on the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC), assessing self-efficacy, and items on the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), assessing balance function, contribute jointly to a unidimensional construct in the elderly. A total of 35 elderly persons (4 men, 31 women) participated. In this study, each item of ABC (16 items) and BBS (14 items) was scored on a 5-point ordinal rating scale from 0 to 4. The initial Rasch and principal component analysis indicated that 3 of the ABC items and 2 of the BBS items were misfit for this study. These 5 items were excluded from further study. After combining ABC and BBS, Rasch and principal component analyses were examined and finally 23 items selected; 12 items from ABC, 11 items from BBS. The 23 combined ABC-BBC items were arranged in order of difficulty. The hardest item was 'walk outside on icy sidewalks' and the easiest item was 'pivot transfer'. Although structural calibration of each 5 rating scale categories was not ordered, the other three essential criteria of Linacre's optimal rating scale were satisfied. Overall, the ABC-BBS showed sound item psychometric properties. Each of the 5 rating scale categories appeared to distinctly identify subjects at different ability levels. The findings of this study support that the new ABC-BBS scale measure balance function and self-efficacy. It will be a clinically useful assessment of risk factors for falling in the elderly. However, the number of subjects was too small to generalize our results. Further study is needed to develop a new assessment considering more risk factors of falling in elderly.

• Strategy21
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• 통권41호
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• pp.5-29
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• 2017

The Mahan's seapower theory has been the basis of US Navy to date as it can enjoy the supremacy status in all of the seas of the world. His theory is very straightforward. A nation can be a great country in the world just through the use of maritime commerce that could be protected by a strong and powerful navy. Mahan's theory on seapower was substantiated in the Spanish-American War with respect to how important the naval power is. The best thing to make US a great nation was to make sure that flow of international trade is smooth, and the unhindered trade could be made possible only by the destruction of enemy's fleet that may obstruct the SLOCs. That's why Mahan insisted that a strong navy was needed and a decisive battle by the navy's fleet at sea should be encouraged as a way of ensuring the safety of the SLOCs. The newly-arrived Trump administration seems to be in line with the Mahan's theory seapower in its policy on naval forces structure. It is expected that US will continue to support the Pivot to Asia policy that has been adopted by the previous administration through an increase in its naval fleet forces. The number of US navy ships will be 355 in 2030, rendering it much more powerful navy than before. The catch phrase "3rd Fleet Forward" proposed by the president Trump indicates that two carrier strike groups will be present in the Asia Pacific region, being able to make the confrontation between US and China more tense than before. The presence of the US naval forces in the area may function as some sort of pressure against China that Trump insisted had been responsible for the closure of 60,000 factories and the loss of 3,000,000 jobs in the United States.

• 아동학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.17-40
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• 1985

This study investigated Korean children's early acquisition of negatives and focused on four research questions: 1) processing of negative variations; 2) the nature of negatives when negatives are completely acquired in Korean (in which meaning and form are matched in one to one mapping); 3) the validity of Bellugi's negative acquisition model in Korean; and 4) the cause of child's erroneous sentence production: limited ability or regularity in children's cognition. The language data of the five subjects (age span; 1.1 - 3.11) were collected by their parents in the natural setting of the home. The results showed that 1) the pivot form, was processed in many ways from a simple to a complicated form, such as <(X+X')+N> <(x+x')+N,Y> <(x+x') N,(y+y')>. It appeared that the children used a simple negative format to reach a one-step advanced negative format. 2) Korean negatives are divided into range of negation in the negative sentence (part or whole), strength of negation (absolute or general), functions of meaning (negation, absences, refusal, prohibition, impossibility). All five children acquired negative sentences in all functions and the complete range after 3 years of age. 3) In spite of the differences in age level, Bellugi's four stage model was in evidence; that is, Korean children's negative acquisition was almost identical with Bellugi's tour stage model in deep structure. 4) Analyses of children's error sentences showed that the sentences with errors were made not because of the children's limitation in cognitive ability but because of the strict application of regularity of rules from the original grammars. Consequently, the children produced negative sentences using two rules: the rule of additive complexity (from simple to complex) and the rule of division (from one to several).