• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.463-468
• /
• 1993

In order to elucidate the translocation of the systemic insecticide, phosphamidon (2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate), treated to pine trees against pine leaf gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye), $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]$ phosphamidon was implanted into the trunks of 10-year-old Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), respectively. The upward movement rates of the chemical within Korean red pine in July and Japanese black pine in December were ca. 10 cm/hr and 2 cm/hr, respectively. The original radioactivity level persisted up to 75 days after treatment throughout the whole tree in Korean red pine in July, whereas it did up to 150 days in Japanese black pine in December. The chemical was translocated up to the top at the insecticidal level within 3 days after treatment in July, whereas in December it was within 15 days. The translocation of the chemical was much dependent upon pine tree species and the treated season. Methanol was suitable for the extraction of phosphamidon and its metabolites from pine needles. Autoradiography of the methanol extracts of pine needles collected from the treated pine trees proved that phosphamidon broke down very quickly within pine trees (ca. 80% metabolized within 7 days).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.160-169
• /
• 1976

Monotupenes of the oleoresin of P. densiflora S. et Z., P. densi-thunber gii Uyeki, P. thunbergii Parl., and P. densiflora for. erecta Uyeki of the subgenus Diploxylon of the genus Pinus in Korea were analysed by means of gas liquid chromatography, and following results were obtained. Monoterpene of P. densiflora, P. densi-thunbergii, P. thunbergii, and P. densiflora for. erecta consisted of ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, limonene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, terpinolene and two unknown components. Major monoterpene components of P. densiflora and it's for. erecta were ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, myrcene, and terpinolene. Major monoterpene components of P. densi-thunbergii were ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, and terpinolene. Major monoterpene components of P. thunbergii were ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandre, and limonene. Monoterpene components in P. densiflora, P. densi-thunbergii, P. thundergii, and P.densiflora for, erecta showed a range of variation by the individual trees. Monoterpene contents of P. densi-thunbergii were intermediate between those of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii. ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, and myrcene appeared to be the best taxonomio characteristics for separating P. densiflora from P. thunbergii, and the former had higher content of ${\alpha}$-pinene than ${\beta}$-pinene while those of the latter were vise versa. There was a significant difference of ${\alpha}$-pinene components of P. densiflora between that of Anmyun Island and Mt. Chiak, but it seemed to be caused by the difference of the individual trees rather than provenancial difference.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on the growth and biomass production of Pinus thunbergii seedlings. The experiment was performed under five different light intensities such as 100, 50, 30, 10, and 25 of the natural full sun light intensity for 2 year in the field condition. The seedling showed the highest height and root collar diameter growth under natural full sun light. The height growth of the seedling under 50% of light intensity showed 96.4% of the control seedling in the first year, and 88.9% in the second year, and the root collar diameter growth showed 94.1% in the first year 77.6% in the second year. Height and root collar diameter growth was markedly reduced below 30% of relative light intensity, and the reduction rate of root collar diameter growth was higher than that of height growth. All the tested seedlings died under 2% of relative light intensity in the second year. Biomass production was also reduced by decreasing of relative light intensity, the reduction rate of root biomass production in both first and second years was higher than that of leaf or shoot biomass production. The lowest reduction was observed at the shoot in the first year, and at the leaves in the second year The highest T/R ratio was recorded by 3.55 in the seedling under 50% of relative light intesity in the first year, and by 4.88 under 10% of relative light intensity in the second year.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 1986

Black pine, Pinus thumbergii, stands in southwestern Korea were investigated. The black pine forest with 90 percent or more in the relative basal area (black pine basal area/whole pine basal area, RBA) was found in the coastal area. However, from the coastal area to the inland. RBA of the pine was decreased because the competition with red pine (P. densiflora) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida). In 25 year-old plants at the coastal areas, the wood volume of black pine is twofold or more than that of red pine, fourfold or more than that of pitch pine. The optimum rotation period for the maximum yield of black pine is estimated to take 35 years, based on the site index calculated. The optimal temperature for the pine plantation in Korean peninula should be the area in over 105。C.month in warmth index. And the soil conditions with 50% of RBA or over were 0.025%~0.151% of soil salinity, 3~6% of organic matter content, pH value 4.50~5.04, 8.5~11.0 me/100g of C.E.C..

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.14-27
• /
• 1990

The vegetation of Pyeongil island was ecologically investigated four times from July, 1979 to May, 1981. The vegetation of this island consisted of 80 families, 172 genera, 173 species, 21 varieties and 4 forma. Evergreen, broad-leaved trees comprised a total of 11 species including Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai. The distribution of evergreen, broad-leaved trees was very spares in this island as a whole. It may also be considered that evergreen, broad-leaved trees, such as Camellia japonica Linne (30cm-35cm in diameter at breast height), Pittosporum fobira Aiton, Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai which might have been dominant species on this island, have undergone artificial succession caused by the planting of Pinus thunbergii Parl. dominant species of today. This was due to human interferences for fuel, building, grazing and farmland use. Especially, the vegetation of this island seems to have been severely destroyed by high population density, farming rate and by rapid increase in the area of cultivated land. However, the forest of Pinus thunbergii Parlatore at Wolsong-ri is worthy of conservation. The five species of seaside plants (Ixeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai, Rosa rugosa Thunb., Carex laticeps Clarke, Calystergia soldanella Reom. et Schult. and Phelloterus littoradis) were distributed in the vicinity of sand beaches leading to Wolsong-ri, Dongbaeg-ri and Sadong-ri.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.545-563
• /
• 2007

The investigated vascular plants of Dok-do island were confirmed that consisted of 46 species, 1 subspecies, 1 varieties in total of 48 taxa growing spontaneously. 1 taxa of Pteridophyta, 36 taxa of Dicotyledon and 11 taxa of Monocotyledon identified. In 48 identified taxa in this study, total 13 taxa included Orobanche coerulescens Stephan, Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Rouse Decr., Lonicera insularis Nakai identified according to the Korean plant taxa for environmental assessment. Planting species were about 10 taxa included Pinus thunbergii Parl., Hibiscus syriacus L. and etc. Four species confirmed in this study such as between Chenopodium virgatum Thunb. and Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. and Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola (Vasinger) Ohwi. were doubt on identification in taxonomic entity due to morphological characteristics. The dispersion type of Do-kdo plants were anemochore 31 taxa, zoodchore 8 taxa, hydrochore 2 taxa and the others by artificial means.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.41-52
• /
• 2013

This study was carried out in order to analyze the succession characteristics of the slope of expressways and the results of analysis by collecting and analyzing various literatures and data from 2011 to 2012 and surveying 75 expressway slope, as follows : The construction methods applied to planting the slope of an expressway can be classified into 4 types including 3 Climber planting methods, 8 Vegetation thick-layer spray work methods, 4 Seed spray work methods, and 4 Stabilization work methods. The factors which affect the cover degree of the slope of an expressway were found to be development years, gradient, length, and azimuth. Like surrounding forest areas, the expressway slope was analyzed to begin the plant succession 20, 30, and 40 years after development, and plant succession was developed in diversity in a mixed stand forest according to surrounding forest floors. Species diversity, maximum species diversity, and the evenness of slope facing north were analyzed to be high comparing to those facing east, west, and south according to azimuth of slope. Species diversity, maximum species diversity, evenness of slope, and the plant succession of surroundings were analyzed to be high when the gradient of the slope was less than $40^{\circ}$. The dominant species which success on the slope of an expressway and its surrounding forest area included Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Zoysia japonica, Pinus thunbergii Parl, Rubus crataegifolius, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, and Oenothera biennis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.112 no.2
• /
• pp.258-266
• /
• 2023

Pine wilt disease is caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and has killed many pine trees in Europe and Northeast Asia, including South Korea. Resistance to pine wilt disease varies among species. Previous studies were mostly conducted in nature or greenhouses and only a few in test fields. In this study, seedlings of six pine species (Pinus thunbergii, P. koraiensis, P. densiflora, P. parviflora, P. rigida × P. taeda, and P. strobus) were artificially inoculated by pine wood nematodes in the test field. The Wilt Index was measured every 2 weeks after inoculation in addition to the mortality rate, detection rate, and pine wood nematode concentration measurement after 24 weeks. The pine wilt disease mortality rates were P. thunbergii (80%), P. koraiensis (77.8%), P. densiflora (62.5%), and P. parviflora (22.0%), and both P. rigida × P. taeda and P. strobus survived. The pine nematode detection rates were the same among the species except for P. rigida × P. taeda pine (22.2%). High Wilt-Index values were obtained for P. thunbergii, P. koraiensis, and P. densiflora, which had mortality rates higher than the other species. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the Wilt Indexes between P. parviflora, P. rigida × P. taeda, P. strobus, and the control group. Statistically, P. thunbergii and P. koraiensis showed high susceptibility to pine wilt disease, P. densiflora and P. parviflora showed moderate susceptibility, and P. rigida × P. taeda and P. strobus showed apparent resistance. These results provide basic data for pine wood nematode resistance breeding or as evidence of the need for afforestation of P. rigida × P. taeda and P. strobus.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.469-475
• /
• 1993

In order to elucidate the metabolism of the systemic insecticide, phosphamidon(2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate), treated to pine trees against pine leaf gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye), $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]$phosphamidon was implanted into the trunks of 10-year-old Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), respectively. This chemical was degraded very quickly in pine trees after implanting, as confirmed by TLC/autoradiography of the extracts of pine needles. Phosphamidon metabolites in phosphate buffer extracts of pine needles include the major metabolite, ${\alpha}-chloroacetoacetic$ acid diethyl-amide, ${\alpha}-chloroacetoacetic$ acid ethylamide, 3-hydroxy-N,N-d iethylbutanamide, acetoacetamide, and trimethyl phosphate. The metabolism within pine trees is expected to be similar to this. Based on these findings, it is believed that the major pathway leading to the metabolites would be related to the P-O-vinyl hydrolysis of the chemical structure.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2022.09a
• /
• pp.60-60
• /
• 2022

우리나라에 분포하는 팥꽃나무과(Thymelaeaceae) 산닥나무속(Wikstroemia) 식물은 산닥나무[Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino], 거문도닥나무[W. ganpi (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.] 2종이 분포하고 있다. 산닥나무는 낮은 산지의 그늘진 계곡에서 주로 자생하며, 거문도닥나무는 임연부에서 주로 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재 우리나라에 남아있는 자생지는 기후변화, 남획 등을 이유로 과거에 비하여 축소되어 유전자원의 현지 내·외 보전이 적극적으로 권장된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 삼지닥나무, 산닥나무, 거문도닥나무의 생육환경 특성을 파악하여 보존 및 증식을 위한 기초자료로 활용하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 결과, 확인된 자생지는 3지역 7개소로 산닥나무는 순천지역, 영암지역, 거문도닥나무는 고흥지역에 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 산닥나무는 해발고도 72-248 m, 사면 방위는 북사면, 동사면, 경사는 30-55°의 급경사지에서 주로 자생하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 방형구(10×10 m) 내 개체수는 8-20 개체가 확인되었다. 거문도닥나무는 해발고도 65-76 m, 사면방위는 동사면, 경사는 20-60°, 개체수는 15-25 개체가 확인되었다. 군집분석은 지표종 분석을 통해 가장 유의한 2개 군집으로 나뉘었으며, 산닥나무는 소나무 군집(Pinus densiflora Sieblod & Zucc.), 거문도닥나무는 곰솔(Pinus thunbergii Parl.) 군집으로 확인되었다. 군집의 안전성, 다양성을 나타내는 척도인 종다양성, 최대종다양도, 균재도 및 우점도지수는 소나무 군집 1.2303, 1.2788, 0.9621, 0.0389, 곰솔 군집이 1.1821, 1.2359, 0.9552, 0.0448로 확인되었다.