• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2021

This study aimed to enhance seed productivity and secure genetic resources for Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. We analyzed the characteristics of cone and seed generated by control pollination between Pinus densiflora (PD) and Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis (PDM). The highest number of cone scales (63.0) was obtained from the self-pollinated (sp) PDM clone B (PDM-sp-B), whereas the lowest number of cone scales (44.7) was obtained from two combinations designated as PDM-A×PD-075 and PDM-A×PD-0111. Both female parents of the hybrids were PDM-A. The highest seed production capacity (80.8) was obtained from the open-pollinated (op) PDM clone B (PDM-op-B). The seed potentials of PDM-B×PD-0111, PDM-op-A, and PDM-sp-B were 67.4, 66.5, and 63.1, respectively. The highest number of fertile scales (41.5) was obtained from PDM-op-B, and the lowest number of fertile scales (28.8) was obtained from PDM-A×PD-075. The total number of aborted ovules and 1st aborted ovules was not statistically significant in the mating design. The cross combination of PDM-B×PD-0111 had the highest number (34.8) of filled seeds and the lowest number of 2nd aborted ovules (5.2) and empty seeds (9). PDM-op-B had the highest number of developed seeds (47.6), although the number of empty seeds was the highest (41.2). Therefore, we conclude that the mating design of PDM-B×PD-0111 is useful for future breeding programs to improve seed yield of PDM. Our results showed that there was a strong correlation between the following two parameter pairs: number of scales and number of fertile scales, and the number of fertility scales and seeds potential (r=0.89 and r=0.84, respectively; both p<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1973

In an effort to improve the major tree species in Korea, the seed of Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Larix leptolepis were treated with X-ray and thermal neutron at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and germination rate of the seed and some characteristics of the seedlings from irradiated seed were investigated and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The germination rate of the irradiated seed of Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida was decreased, when the irradiation time of thermal neutron increased from 3 hours to 9 hours. The seed of Larix leptolepis was completely died out in all range of irradiation time. 2. The seed of Pinus densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus rigida showed low germination rate, when the dosage of radiation increased in the range of 10,000r-30,000r X-ray. This dosage of radiation was almost lethal to the seed of Pinus thunbergii and Larix leptolepis. 3. The growth rate of radiated Robinia pseudoacacia has been decreased when the dosage of X-ray and thermal neutron increased. However, the trees treated with thermal neutron for 3 hours showed 14.9 percent-increase in seedling height and some thornless individuals appeared in this treatment. 4. Individuals with variegated leaf, rugose leaf and albino were appeared in X-ray and thermal neutron treatment. 5. Abnormal mitosis of somatic cell, cell with two nucleoli, cell with two nuclei and chromosome clump in mitosis of somatic cell were observed in Robinia pseudoacacia irradiated with thermal neutron. 6. Resistanty against pawdery mildew was decreased in Robinia pseudoacacia radiated with X-ray and thermal neutron. 7. Length of stomata did not show any difference however number of stomata per unit area decreased in Robinia pseudoacacia radiated with thermal neutron. The leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia radiated with thermal neutron were thicker than those of non-treated one, but width of palisade tissue was decreased. The most sensitive one among those species to the thermal neutron treatment was Larix leptolepis, followed by Pinus densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida in the order. In X-ray treatment, the most sensitive one was Larix leptolepis, followed by Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida and Robinia pseudoacacia in the order. Morphological, cytological variation of the radiated Robinia pseudoacacia seemed to indicate some possibility to be used for tree improvement.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 2011

This study was carried out in each three study areas of Pinus densiflora community and Quercus mongolica community from March 5th, 2008 to October 15th, 2010 to analyze the relationship between seed bank and the actual vegetation of the lower layer. Based on the relationship between the lower layer of actual vegetation and the germination of seed bank, all of three study areas, the similarity of the actual vegetation of the lower layer and seed bank were high in Plot 1 (84.62%) and Plot 3 (89.91%). As for Quercus mongolica community, the similarity was high between the actual vegetation of the lower layer and seed bank in Plot 4 (82.24%) and Plot 6 (89.47%). Especially, the germination of the pine seed banks in the Pinus densiflora community compared to other tree species appeared in all. In Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica did not appear among the seeds germinated in the seek bank, but the other tree species constituting the under layer of the community. In case of the restoration based on the actual vegetation, it is desirable to sue the lower layer of vegetation as the model for the making of its alternatives for restoration works of the species.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 1999

Current data on reproductive characters of endemic and native species are essential to provide a strategy for the conservation of these species. Red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.) is one of the dominant, native tree species in Korea, but its reproductive ecology is not well-known. In 1997, the pattern of variation in cone and seed yields contributing to the conservation of declining populations of red pines was examined. Plant height and dbh were measured, and several new cones were collected from each tagged tree after counting the number of cones on each tree. For a subset of cones sampled, the number of fertile scales, the number of seeds at three development stages (early/late aborted, and filled seed), seed wing size, wing color, and individual filled seed mass were measured. The three sites which differed significantly in mean plant size also differed in mean cone and seed production per plant. However further analyses showed that most variation in characters examined occurred among plants within sites, but not among sites. An average of 90% of the potential seeds on the cones aborted at an early developmental stage, demonstrating that early abortion is a major factor affecting the number of filled seeds per cone. Individual seed mass was the only character which exhibited significant variations among sites as well as among trees within sites. Individual seed mass was overall negatively correlated with both the percentage of late abortion and the number of old cones per plant, suggesting that both the past and current years' reproductive activities have caused variations in seed mass. The potential dispersal distance of red pine seeds is quite large. However, wing loading was correlated with seed mass and number in a complex pattern across the sites. Distribution of seeds with varied colored wings differed among sites and among trees within sites. These results suggest that red pines at different sites might possess different strategies to cope with selection pressures acting during the final phase of reproduction, from seed dispersal to establishment. Then the ‘fitted’ red pine trees at each site should be identified and managed to conserve or restore populations.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 1998

Environmental concerns arising from synthetic herbicides in plant management systems have led to an interest in plant-derived compounds as natural herbicides. Inhibitory effects of compounds extracted with 50% methanol from corn (Zea mays L.) and pine (Pinus densiflora L.) were evaluated on large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), annual bluegrass Poa annua L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The aqueous extracts inhibited seed germination and had postemergence activity on the four species. The stability of biological activity of corn grain, stover, and root extracts was not affected by heating to $135^{\circ}C$ or freezing/thawing treatments when applied at levels above 0.25kg m(sup)-2 based on dry weights of powders before extraction. Heating reduced the activity of pine litter and bark extracts at all levels except the highest application level but had little effect on pine needle extracts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2007

This study was carried out to obtain the several data for improving the seed supply in Pinus densiflora. Seed characteristics and germination properties according to change of cone production from 2003 to 2006 were analyzed in three plus stands of P. densiflora. P. densiflora showed good production at interval of two years in the periodicity of seed production. Seed potential and percent of filled seed (PFS) among the major seed characteristics showed positive relations to the change of cone production, whereas percent of developed seed (PDS) and seed efficiency showed opposite trend. As a result of regression analysis between seed characteristics and cone production, seed potential ($R^2=0.682$, p<0.01) and PFS ($R^2=0.161$, non-significant) presented positive correlation with cone production while PDS ($R^2=0.418$, p$R^2=0.308$, non-significant) presented negative correlation. In germination properties percent of germination (PG) showed similar tendency to cone production, while mean germination time (MGT) showed opposite tendency. As a result of regression analysis between germination characteristics and cone production, PG showed positive correlation, whereas MGT showed negative correlation. Therefore, we could expect high germination percentage and short period for germination when we harvested cones at good cone production time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-74
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• 2022

Seed zones were constructed using temperature and precipitation data for the Korean Peninsula and were described as 65 zones. Seed zones for South Korea were reclassified, and they were classified into 34 districts. This study was conducted to define the spread of 5 native seed species (Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Acer pictum, Carpinus tschonoskii) by linking the seed zones with MaxEnt. The emergence point of native seeds was acquired through the 1:5,000 Forest Type Map and the 4th national natural environment survey data. Based on the MaxEnt result, regions with a habitat probability of 0.5 or more were extracted and overlapped with seed zones to identify the native seed habitat. After analyzing the climate regions with high habitat density, regions with high habitat density of native seeds for each administrative district were identified. In the case of Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus variabilis, the Winter minimum temperature(WMT) -9.4~-6.6℃, Annual Heat:Moisture(AH:M) 19~24℃/m was 37%, 43%, and 34%, respectively. occupied the largest area. In Acer pictum, WMT -6.6~-3.8℃ and AH:M 16~19℃/m accounted for 42% of the area, and Carpinus tschonoskii had WMT -3.8~-1.1℃, AH:M <16℃/m Districts accounted for the largest area at 33%. The regions with high density of Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus variabilis by administrative district were distributed in high density in Seoul, Southern Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. Acer pictum was distributed in high density in Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do, and Carpinus tschonoskii in Jeju, Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. Through this study, seed zones for each of the 5 native seeds were established, and it is expected to provide basic data for the management of native seeds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 2006

Pinus densiflora is a dominant conifer species in Korea and also distributed in regions of Japan and eastern China. Success in the establishment and productivity of forest tree plantation is largely determined by selection of species and seed source. The provenance tests of Pinus densiflora in Korea are underway. However, the information of the growth performance of Japanese and Chinese provenances are insufficient. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of Pinus densiflora Japanese provenances. Data were collected from a provenance trial including established by Korea Forest Research Institude at Chungju in 1970. Six Japanese provenances ($31^{\circ}90^{\prime}{\sim}40^{\circ} 27^{\prime}$ in latitude and $128^{\circ}47^{\prime}{\sim}141^{\circ}80^{\prime}$ in longitude) were included in this trial. Pyeongchang provenance at Kangwon province in Korea was used for reference provenance. At nursery stage, the height and diameter at root collar of six Japanese provenances were smaller than those of Pyeongchang provenance. Among Japanese provenances, Kasahara provenance showed higher growth performance than those of others. The provenance rankings of growth performance were fluctuated until age 11. However, the growth performance of Japanese provenances showed higher than those of reference provenance after age 17. Kirishima-yama provenance showed best growth performance. Simple correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the geographic factors affecting growth performance. The height growth showed negative corelation with latitude of seed origin. Generally, Japanese provenences of Pinus densiflora were well adapted and grown in Chungju. However, it was suggested that further studies on other sites need to generalize the results of this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.50-62
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• 1994

This study is performed to consider the fitness of natural regenerating method and tending methods used now by surveying the stand structure and regenerating states of the 9 natural regenerated Pinus densiflora stands in Kangwon province. As a special consideration, it deals with the tending methods on the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and broad-leaved tree(Quercus mongolica) under competition. By the consideration on the number of trees, growing capacity and stand structures of Pinus densiflora stands, it reveals that Pinus densiflora is in the inferior in numbers at the competition to the broad-leaved species, and it could not occupy the stands as the dominant species if the stands were not tended. It is estimated that natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora stands by the clearcutting or seed tree system could not achieved due to the abundance of ground vegetation. Short-term shelter-wood system or strip stand method may be proposed as a successful method of natural regeneration. As the visible tending method for seedlings, the method which apply the mixed forest in group of Pinus densflora and Quercus mongolica different by the growing capacity and distribution characteristics is better thaw the one which tend the Pinus densiflora only.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1999.10b
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• pp.139.2-139
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text