• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2021

To investigate the antioxidant activities of Pinus densiflora needle (Pinaceae), which is widely used as a traditional medicine in Korea, Caenorhabditis elegans model system was used. The n-butanol fraction of P. densiflora needle methanol extract showed the most potent DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide quenching activities in a dose-dependent manner. The n-butanol fraction was measured for the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and oxidative stress tolerance by using C. elegans with reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. In addition, to see that the regulation of the stress response gene is responsible for the increased stress tolerance of C. elegans treated by the butanol extract, SOD-3 expression was measured using a transgenic strain. As a result, the P. densiflora needle n-butanol fraction increased SOD and catalase activities, and decreased ROS accumulation, dose-dependently. Furthermore, the n-butanol fraction-treated CF1553 worm showed higher SOD-3::GFP intensity than the control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.866-869
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• 2006

The inhibitory effect of pine needle (Pinus densiflora S.) on potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was investigated. The addition of the pine needle extract exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on the potato polyphenol oxidase activity than that of the citric acid or potassium sorbate. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited in a pH range of 7.0-8.0. When the incubation time of reaction mixture was increased, the potato polyphenol oxidase activity was markedly inhibited. The pine needle extract inhibited the potato polyphenol oxidase non-competitively. And also the pine needle extract subjected to a heat treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min or to an acid treatment at pH 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 for 3 hours still retained inhibitory effect on potato polyphenol oxidase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 1998

Pine(Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.) is one of rhe popular plant drugs which has been used as a medicine in Asia. To investigate the effect of pine needle extract (PNE) on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in brain membranes of Sprague- Dawley (SD), make SD rats were fed basic diets(control group), and experimental diets (PNE group) with 0.5 and 1.0% of PNE 6 weeks. Mitochondrial hydroxyl radical levels in brain of 0.5%-PNE and 1.0%-PNE groups were significantly inhibited to 30% and 25%, respectively, and microsomal hydrogen peroxide levels in brain of 0.5%-PNE and 1.0%-PNE groups were significantly inhibited to 15% compared with control group. Cytosolic superoxide rdical levels in 1.0%-PNE group were significantly inhibited to 20% compared with control group. Lipid peroxide(LPO) levels in brain mitochondria of 0.5%-PNE and 1.0%-PNE groups were significantly lower(25% and 35%) than that in control group. Mn-superoxide disumtase (SOD) activities in brain of 0.5%-PNE and 1.0%-PNE groups were significantly higher(18% and 12%) than those in control groups, but Cu,Zn-SOD activities in brain of 0.5%-PNE were significantly activated to 15% compared with control group. Glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) activities in brain of 1.5%-PNE and 1.0% PNE groups were significantly higher(14% and 12%) than those in control group. These results suggest that more beneficial effects such as inhibition of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxide(LPO). and oncreases of scavenger enzymes in brain membranes of SD rats may be effectively modulated by administration of pine needle extract (PNE)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1139-1146
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• 2008

To investigate the functional properties and the antioxidant effect of pine needle(Pinus densiflora), the pine needle extract was obtained with methanol and its functionality was measured by spectrophotometric method, and the antioxidant experiment on soybean oil was carried out by the active oxygen method. The extraction yield of pine needle with 99% methanol was about 19%, the total flavonoid content of the pine needle-methanol extract was 11.32 mg/g on dry basis and the superoxide dismutase-like activity was 94.3%. The nitrite scavenging ability of the extract was pH dependent with the values of 77.44% at pH 1.2, 48.45% at pH 3.0 and 11.04% at pH 6.0, respectively. The peroxide value was 92.6 meq/kg at 5% dosage, 138.4 meq/kg at 2% dosage of the extract on 8 oxidation days. The period of the peroxide value to be 100 mg/kg was 4.9, 6.3 and 8.5 days at control, 2% and 5% dosage of extract, respectively. And the relative antioxidant effectiveness of the extract was 27.9% and 72.3% increase at 2% and 5% dosage, respectively, compared to control. The thiobarbituric acid value showed few differences within 4 oxidation days, but with the dosage of the extract it fairly decreased with considerable antioxidant effect to control above 4 days.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.582-588
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• 2006

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the fermentation extract (PFE) and the 50 and 80% ethanol extracts (PE 50, PE 80) of Pinus densiflora pine needles were evaluated. Electron donating ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD) ability, and antimicrobial activity were observed in PFE; those abilities differed in PE 80 and PE 50, depending on the ethanol concentration used for the extraction. PFE had the highest electron donating ability with a value of 92.20%, while PE 80 and PE 50 had values of 74.66 and 53.47%, respectively. For SOD activity, PE 80 exhibited a slightly higher value of 31.11% compared to that of PFE and PE 50, which were 29.65 and 25.43%, respectively. PFE, PE 50, and PE 80 were all found to inhibit bacteria, and the effectiveness of this inhibition was strongly related to the type of extracts used. PFE showed good antimicrobial effects for all of the tested Gram-positive strains and for most of the tested Gram-negative strains. These results suggest that PFE has superior functionality compared to the ethanol extracts (PE 80, PE 50), in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. On the basis of these results, pine needle fermentation extracts can be used for industrial applications as a functional material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.244-251
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• 1998

To understand the effect of supplement of water extract of pine needle(WEPN) on shelf-life enhancement of the kimchi, activities of four enzymes and number of lactic acid bacteria, during fermentation of the kimchi, were assayed. Enzyme activities of kimchi fermented for 7 days with supplement by 2% water extract of pine needle showed amylase of 86.4%, protease of 85.8%, polygalacturonase of 61.5% and $\beta$-galactosidase of 58.8% against the control kimchi. WEPN showed weak inhibitory effect when it was applied to the isolated enzymes in vitro then those menifested by the kimchi in vivo. Number of total bacterial cell of WEPN supplemented kimchi increased by 10 folds than control between 7 to 14 days of fermentation. On contrast, number of lactic acid bacteria decreased maximaly to 21% of control by fermentation. The clear zone formed on paper disk by WEPN against L. plantarum was larger than that of Leu. mesenteroides.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.508-513
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• 2009

Pine needles have long been used as a traditional health-promoting medicinal food in Korea. To investigate the effects of pine (pinus densiflora) needle extracts on blood flow and serum lipid improvement were assessed in vivo. 8 week-old Sprague Dawley strain rats were divided into four groups of seven rats each; CON, 0.5% CHOL, HOT water and Sub-supercritical group. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were lower in the CON group than the 0.5% CHOL group. Three weeks of feeding hot water and sub-supercritical extract resulted in a decrease in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol level. The level of HDL-cholesterol in the 0.5% CHOL group was significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared to the CON group, but it had a tendency to increase with pine needle extract supplementation. Blood passage time of the pine needle extracts supplemented group was higher than the 0.5% CHOL group. Microscopic observation showed that whole blood passed smoothly through the micro channels in pine needle extracts supplemented groups. The platelet aggregation ability of the groups treated with pine needle extracts was less than that of the 0.5% CHOL group. All these results suggest that pine needle extracts might improve blood homeostasis mediated via antiplatelet activities.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.285-294
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the supplementary effect of a phytogenic blend (SPA: a mixture containing fermented Schisandra chinensis pomace, fermented Pinus densiflora needle extract, and Allium tuberosum powder in the ratio of 2:2:1) on egg production, egg quality, blood constituents, and visceral organs in laying hens. Methods: A total of 135 Hy-line brown laying hens (48-wk-old) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 9 hens. The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet (no exogenous SPA addition) and the experimental groups were fed the basal diet containing SPA at the level of 0.1% and 0.3% for 6 weeks. Results: The feed intake was significantly improved in SPA supplemented groups as compared with the control (p<0.05). However, egg production, daily egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were not different among the dietary treatments (p>0.05). For egg quality traits, only Haugh unit (HU) was significantly improved in SPA (0.3%) (p<0.05) as compared with other groups. However, HU was not affected during 4-wk of storage at 18℃ among the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Furthermore, SPA supplementation did not affect the blood biochemical constituents except for the phosphate content, which was significantly higher in SPA groups than the CON group (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in visceral organ characteristics and immune indicators (immunoglobulin A [IgA], IgG, and IgM) in SPA or CON groups. Conclusion: This study suggested that the supplementation of SPA may have beneficial effects on feed intake and egg quality in laying hens.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.293-297
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• 1997

To develope natural food preservatives of pine needle (Pinus densiflora Seib et Zucc.) extract, pine needle sap, ethanol and ether extracts were prepared for investigation of antimicrobial activities against food-related bacteria and yeasts. All extracts exhibited growth inhibiting activities for most of microorganisms tested. However, in general, growth inhibiting activities were higher in ethanol extract than in sap or ether extract. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethanol extract for Lactobacillus casei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherchia coli were as low as 0.1 mg/ml, whereas MIC of sap or ether extract for most bacteria and yeasts were 0.25-0.8mg/ml, indicating that the ethanol extract showed the antimicrobial activity by 2.5 $\sim$8 times higher than the sap and ether extract. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract was reduced by heating or alkali treatment. Moreover, growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 50ppm of ethanol extract. These findings suggest that pine needle, specially the ethanol extrat may play a role for natural food preservatives.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.371-376
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• 1997

This study was edsigne to investgate the effect of pine needle extract (PNE) on lipid adn oxygen radical metabolisms in serum of Sprague-Dawly (SD). Pine(Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.) is one of the popular plant drugs which gas been used as a medicine in Asia. Male SD rats were fed basic (control group) and experimental diets(RGE group) with 0.5 and 1.0% of PNE for 6 weeks. Body weights gain in 0.5-PNE and 1.0-PNE groups were slightly lower than that in control group, but ther is no significant differences brtween these groups. Total energy intake, feed and gross efficiencies showed almost no change in these groups. Total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in serumof SD rats in .50-PNE and 0.1-PNE froups sho9wed almost no change colpared with control group. Serum LDL-cholesterol levels significantly decreased (12%) in 0.5-PNE group, while serum HDL-cholesterol levels significantly increased(14%) in 1.0-PNE group compared with control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in 50-PNE and 0.1-PNE groups were significantly lower (17 and 13%, 24% and 12%, respectively) than those in control group. Superoxide disumutase (SOD) activity in 50-PNE and 0.1-PNE groups significantly increased about 30 to 15% compared with control group. There results suggest that lower LDL-cholesterol and LPO levels, higher HDL-cholsterol level, and higher SOD activity in serum of rats may be effectively modulated by administration of pine needle extract(PNE).