• 제목/요약/키워드: Pine tree

검색결과 621건 처리시간 0.026초

고려시대 가구재료 연구 (A Study on the Material of Furniture in Goryeo)

  • 조숙경
    • 한국가구학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.19-27
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    • 2014
  • This paper studied the materials of the furniture which the noble men used in Goryeo, based on the furniture material category of solid wood furniture, lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl and hardware. As for the solid wood furniture, the wood and furniture types are inferred based on the documents. The trees used for the wood furniture were zelkova, korean willow, pine, royal paulownia, maidenhair tree, korean pine, chinese juniper and elm. The furniture types were table, chair, wooden bench, small portable table, writing table, and folding screen. As to the types of lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl, most of them were hams with top, which were made of abalone shells. The features of the lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl were in detail and elaborate like the pattern of the full bloomed chrysanthemum. Writing tables were also made of lacquerware as pieces of furniture. Distinctively, the mother-of-pearl furniture material was popular enough to be used even in a horse saddle. Regarding the metal feldspar used as both a practical use and decoration, there are drop handle, hinge, the front basis, and lock seen in the artifacts, which were made of cast iron, bronze, and brass. Their manufacture techniques were eojamoon, bratticing and sheet metal. Through this study of the furniture materials used in Goryeo, it seems that Goryeo furniture focused on the functions rather than on the decorations, and in turn the forms were simple and basic. The technique of mother-of-pearl, a bit elaborate one, was used in the props furniture like kitchen wares, hams, or writing talbes. Probably, the solid wood is inferred to be used in a low wooden bench, a chair, and a table based on the documents.

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한국산 뽕나무버섯균의 종에 관한 연구 (Studies on Korean Species of Armillaria)

  • 성재모;양근주;이현경
    • 한국식물병리학회지
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.261-269
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    • 1994
  • One hundred and ninety two isolates of Armillaria were obtained from mycelial fans on infected hosts, rhizomorphs, and single basidiospores or trauma tissue of fruiting bodies. Mating tests showed that two of these isolates were A. mellea, eight were A. tabescens, 20 were A. ostoyae, and 162 were A. gallica. Armillaria ostoyae was mainly isolated from Pinus koraiensis and Qurecus spp., A. tabescens from fruiting bodies on Pinus densiflora and Qurecus spp., and A. gallica from many tree species but not Pinus koraiensis. Armillaria mellea, A. gallica, A. ostoyae and A. tabescens showed distinct protein banding patterns. Mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation was good on basal medium with ethanol added. A. gallica and A. mellea formed many rhizomorphs, but A. ostoyae did not. A. gallica showed the best rhizomorph formation on media with tannic acid and ethanol, but a. mellea formed the most rhizomorphs on gallic acid. Rhizomorphs showed monopodial branching for A. gallica and dichotomous branching for A. ostoyae. Fruiting bodies. formed in the laboratory on sawdust media most abundantly by A. tabescens. In nature, fruit body formation by A. tabescens was from early to mid August. A. ostoyae and A. gallica fruit bodies were formed from early August to late October. While there are common names in Korea for A. mellea and A. tabescens, such as mulberry mushroom relative, no common names are available for A. gallica and A. ostoyae. Therefore, we refer to a. gallica as the Gastrodia mushroom because it has been used to produce Gastrodia and A. ostoyae as the Korean pine mushroom because it is frequently found as mushrooms on Korean pine.

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임분생장량(林分生長量) 추정(推定)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Study on the Estimation of Volume Increment for the Pitch Pine Forest)

  • 이여하
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.9-12
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    • 1973
  • 1. 본(本) 조사(調査) 16년생(年生)의 리기다소나무임분(林分)에 대(對)한 재적생장량(材積生長量)과 장래(將來)의 임분재적예측(林分材積豫測) 임분표법(林分表法)에 의하여 추정(推定)한 것이다. 2. 직경성장량(直徑成長量) 조사(調査)는 'Meyer'의 Increment borer법(法)에 의하고 단목재적(單木材積)은 기(旣) 조사(調査)된 V=0.000058 $D^{1.8}{\times}{\cdot}H^{1.1}$의 재적식(材積式)에 의하여 각각(各各) 조사(調査)되었다. 3. 0.33ha의 표준지(標準地)를 설정(設定)하고 표준지내(標準地內) 339본(本)의 임목(林木)에 대(對)하여 95%의 신뢰도(信賴度)로서 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 직경(直徑)에 대(對)한 직경연년성장량(直徑連年成長量)의 회귀식(回歸式)은 Y=0.1618 +0.0298x. 이다. 2) 2cm 괄약(括約)의 직경분포(直徑分布)에서 전임목(全林木) 본수(本數)의 약(約) 90%가 완전(完全) 1계급(階級) 진급(進級)을 하였다. 3) 임분재적성장율(林分材積成長率)은 16%의 고도(高度)의 성장율(成長率)을 나타냈다. 4) 5개년간(個年間)의 재적성장량(材積成長量)은 46%의 증가율(增加率) 보이고있다.

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Changes in Forest Disturbance Patterns from 1976 to 2005 in South Korea

  • Park, Pil Sun;Lee, Kyu Hwa;Jung, Mun Ho;Shin, Hanna;Jang, Woongsoon;Bae, Kikang;Lee, Jongkoo;Lee, Don Koo
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제98권5호
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    • pp.593-601
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    • 2009
  • Forest disturbances including forest fire, insect pests and diseases, landslides, and forest conversion from 1976 to 2005 were investigated to trace the changes of major forest disturbance agents and their characteristics over time in accordance with changes in natural and social environment in South Korea. While the damaged area by insect pests and diseases continuously decreased for the past 30 years, damaged areas by forest fire and landslide were fluctuating through years. The interval of large forest fires has become shorter with increased tree volume. The precipitation between January and April were significantly correlated with large fire occurrences as Pearson's correlation coefficient -0.400 (P=0.029). The composition of major insect pests and diseases damaging Korean forests has been changed continuously, and become more diversified. While damages by pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus spectabilis) and pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) decreased, damage by introduced pests has been more serious recently. The change of precipitation pattern that brought more localized heavy rain or powerful typhoon resulted in the recent increase in landslide areas. The major land uses to induce forest conversion have been changed, reflecting the changes in industrial structure in South Korea as agriculture and mining in 1970s, mining and golf ranges classified in pasture in 1980s, and road and housing construction in 1990s and 2000s. Changes in forest disturbance patterns in South Korea show that a country's industrial development is jointly working with global warming on forest stand dynamics. Altering energy structure and land use pattern induced by industrial development accumulates forest volume and reforms microenvironments on forest floor, interacting with climate change, inducing shorter interval of large forest fire and changes in major species composition of forest insect pests and diseases.

강원도산(江原道産) 소나무천연림생태계(天然林生態系)의 Biomass 및 Net Primary Production에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Biomass and Net Primary Productivity of Pinus densiflora Natural Ecosystem in Kangwondo, Korea)

  • 이수욱
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제71권1호
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    • pp.74-81
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    • 1985
  • 강원도산(江原道産) 소나무천연림(天然林)의 생산성(生産性)을 파악(把握)하기 위하여 10본(本)의 표본목(標本木)을 벌도(伐倒)하고 각(各) 부위별(部位別) 및 총(總) biomass와 biomass 추정방정식(推定方程式) 모형으로는 $Wt=aD^bH^c$가 가장 적합(適合)하였다. 2) 임분(林分) biomass 추정량(推定量)은 지상부(地上部) 총량(總量)이 198.82 t/ha였으며 부위별(部位別)로는 수간목부(樹幹木部)가 136.82 t/ha, 생지부(生枝部)가 32.81 t/ha, 수피부(樹皮部)가 10.72 t/ha 엽량(葉量)이 9.07 t/ha 죽은가지가 7.30 t/ha 였다. 3) 순생산량(純生産量)은 지상부총량(地上部總量)이 15.87 t/ha/yr였으며 부위별(部位別)로는 수간목부(樹幹木部)가 7.04 t/ha/yr., 생지부(生枝部)가 4.91 t/ha/yr., 엽량(葉量)이 2.21 t/ha/yr., 소지(小枝)가 1.13 t/ha/yr., 수피(樹皮)가 0.52 t/ha/yr 였다. 4) Leaf efficiency는 1.876으로서 연간지상부(年間地上部) 총생산량(總生産量) 15.87 t/ha/yr와 비교적 잘 연관되어 있다.

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인산화 처리 목분과 수피에 의한 중금속 흡착 (Heavy Metals Adsorption by Phosphorylated Wood and Bark)

  • 백기현;김동호;이동흡
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.75-79
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    • 2000
  • 소나무와 상수리나무 목분과 수피에 의한 용액 중의 중금속($Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$$Pb^{2+}$)의 흡착물 증가시키기 위하여 목분과 수피가 인산화 처리되었다. 인산화 처리된 목분과 수피는 수종과 부위에 관계없이 1 hr처리 시에는 1.2~1.3%, 그리고 2 hr처리 시에는 1.4~1.7%의 인산기를 함유하였다. 목분에 인산화 처리를 함으로써 $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$$Cd^{2+}$의 흡착율이 현저히 증가되었으나, $Pb^{2+}$의 흡착율은 미미하게 증가되었다. 소나무 인산화 목분의 경우, 상수리나무 인산화 목분보다 중금속 흡착효과가 더 높았다. 한편, 수피에 인산화처리는 중금속 흡착율의 증가에 거의 효과가 없었다.

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해안사구 지형변화에 대한 해안림의 영향: 소황리 전사구를 사례로 (Impact of Coastal Forests on Geomorphological Changes of Coastal Dunes: A Case of the Sohawang-ri Foredune, Chungnam Province)

  • 김윤미;공학양;최광희
    • 한국지형학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.51-66
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    • 2021
  • This study shows that coastal sand dunes are negatively affected by coastal forests. In South Korea, planting pine trees on the dunes has been carried out to stabilize the dune landscapes and protect residential areas from coastal disasters since the 20th century. However, this strategy could reduce the resilience of dunes. In this study, we selected three monitoring sites with automated weather stations to compare the geomorphological and environmental characteristics between tree-covered and grass-covered dunes at Sohwang-ri, Boryeong-si, Chungnam Province for three years. In addition, we monitored the rates of erosion and deposition using eight pins along the dune crests. We found that the forest affected both wind velocity and direction, resulting in decreased blown sand supply to the dunes in front of the forest. The velocity of the strong winds faster than 5 m/s diminished to 10%-30% of the control sites, and the direction of northwesterly wind were skewed to the north by about 6°. Sand deposition occurred at about 15-20 m away from the pine forest and the amount was only 1/10 of the deposition within the grass-covered dunes. This study suggests that planting trees in coastal dunes is an undesirable strategy with negative impacts on the landscape management.

경기도지방(京畿道地方) 적송림(赤松林)의 식물사회학적(植物社會學的) 연구(硏究) (Phytosociological Changes of Pinus densiflora Forest Induced by Insect Damage in Kyonggi-do Area)

  • 임경빈;박인협;이경재
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제50권1호
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    • pp.56-71
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    • 1980
  • 경기도지방(京畿道地方) 적송림(赤松林)의 천이(遷移)를 연구(硏究)하기 위(爲)하여 솔잎혹파리의 피해지속기간(被害持続期間)에 따라 무피해지(無被害地)로서 안성(安城), 피해선단지(被害先端地)로서 용인(龍仁), 피해극심지(被害極甚地)로서 광주(広州) 피해지속지(被害持続地)로서 가평지역(加平地域)을 설정(設定)하고, 각조사지역별(各調査地域別) 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生状熊)를 조사(調査)하여 (1) 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生状熊)와의 관계(関係) (2) 삼림군집(森林群集) 구조(構造)의 비교(比較) (3) 식물상(植物相)의 변화(変化) 등(等)을 분석(分析)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 솔잎혹파리의 피해(被害)에 의(依)하여 소나무의 낙엽량(落葉量)이 증가(増加)하고 광조건(光條件), 토양조건(土壤條件) 등(等)의 환경요인(環境要因)에 변화(変化)가 오게 되면 다른 수종(樹種)이 집래(集來)하게 되고 대상수종(代償樹種)인 참나무류(類)의 발달(発達)에 의(依)하여 다음 천이단계(遷移段階)로 안정화(安定化)되는 경로(経路)를 밟는다. 본(本) 조사지역내(調査地域內)에서는 참나무류중(類中) 특(特)히 신갈나무 상대우점식(相状優占植)의 증가(増加)가 유의적(有意的)이었다. 2. 솔잎혹파리의 피해(被害)가 심(甚)해질수록 조사지역별(調査地別), 조사구별(調査区別) 종구성상태(種構成状態)는 점차 다양(多樣)해지며 동일지역내(同一地域內) 조사(調査) 구간(区間) 종구성상태(種構成状態)의 차이(差異)도 커지는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 그 후(後) 피해(被害)가 지속(持続)되어 식생상태(植生状態)가 재구성(再構成)됨에 따라 종구성상태(種構成状態)는 단순화(單純化)되는 것으로 나타났다. 3 이상(以上)과 같은 결과(結果)와 상대밀도(相対密度) 및 상대우점치(相対優占値)에 의한 식생천이(植生遷移)를 종합분석(綜合分析)한 결과(結果)소나무가 우점종(優占種)을 이루는 본조사지역내(本調査地域內)에서는 솔잎혹파리의 피해(被害)가 지속(持続)됨에 따라 참나무류(類)가 우점종(優占種)으로 되며 잔달래류(類), 싸리류(類) 등(等)이 하층식생(下層植生)을 형성(形成)하는 임목군집(森林群集)으로 변화(変化)해가는 것으로 나타났다.

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광릉 전나무 식재기록에 관한 고찰 (A Study on the Planting Records of Needle Fir in Gwangneung)

  • 김은경;이해주
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제37권2호
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2019
  • 본 연구는 고문헌을 통하여 광릉 전나무 식재의 사적 근거를 밝히고자 "조선왕조실록(朝鮮王朝實錄)", "승정원일기(承政院日記)", "비변사등록(備邊司謄錄)", "일성록(日省錄)" 등의 식재기록을 분석하였다. 선행 연구와 산림생태조사 및 도복된 전나무 연륜을 통하여 현재 광릉 전나무의 수령을 추정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 능제는 가장 보수적인 체제로 광릉 조성 과정 중 식재는 전례에 따라 이루어졌을 것이다. 건원릉을 시작으로 능침수목 식재기록을 통하여 소나무, 잣나무, 버드나무가 식재되었던 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, 조선후기 능침 작벌 문제가 심각해지자 정조 22년 무오년 수교가 반포되었으며, 이후 봄 가을로 정기 식재가 이루어졌다. 정조 23년 기록을 통하여 조성 및 관리 연한이 오래된 9개 능을 대상으로 식재 주수를 파악할 수 있었으며, 광릉에는 잣나무와 잡목이 식재되었다. 셋째, 무오년 수교가 고종 치세 31년간 지켜지고 있으며, 예조별단을 통해 구체적인 식재 수종, 식재 장소, 식재 주수를 확인할 수 있었다. 고종 22년부터 25년까지 4년간 광릉에는 지속적으로 전나무가 식재되었으며 잣나무를 식재한 곳은 광릉이 유일하였다. 넷째, 도복된 전나무 연륜을 통하여 수령 파악이 가능했으며, 현존 광릉 전나무 식재 시기는 철종 10년 이후부터 고종 연간으로 판단하였다.

울산지역 초등학교 학생에서 대기중 꽃가루 비산 수준과 흡입 알레르겐 감작률과의 관련성 (Association Between Airborne Pollen Counts and Sensitization Rate in Elementary School Children in Ulsan)

  • 오연서;최승원;오인보;이지호;심창선;방진희;김양호
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제46권6호
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    • pp.735-749
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    • 2020
  • Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate airborne pollen counts, inhalant allergen sensitization rate, and allergic disease prevalence among elementary school children in Ulsan, South Korea during 2012-2018. Methods: Burkard samplers for pollen were installed on rooftops in suburban and urban areas in Ulsan. A 24-hour sampling of airborne allergens was conducted six days/week from January 1, 2013 to November 31, 2018. Skin prick tests were done with a total of 4,246 primary school students residing in urban and suburban areas in 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. This study examined sensitization to 20 major inhalant allergens. Results: The highest monthly counts of airborne pollen were observed in April and September each year. Among the pollen identified over the six years, pine showed the highest pollen counts (44.3%), followed by oak (22.3%), alder (6.3%) and Japanese hops (4.3%). Tree pollen predominated from March to June, and weed pollen predominated from August to October. Higher sensitization rates for inhalant allergens were observed in Dermatophagoides farinae (42.4%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (43.6%), cat fur (12.1%), birch (9.9%), oak (9.6%), and alder (8.7%). The inhalant allergen sensitization rate was highest in the group with comorbidity (asthma and/or rhinitis and atopic dermatitis), and respiratory allergic disease (asthma and/or rhinitis) was higher than that of atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Both the counts of tree pollen in the air and the sensitization rate for tree pollen were high in Ulsan. The temporal change in respiratory allergic diseases was similar to that for the sensitization rate of tree pollen, such as oak. In the future, it is considered that additional continuous research on various inhalant allergens and pollen should be conducted.