• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.137-143
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• 2021

Most cervical cancers are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Currently, cervical cancer treatment entails surgical removal of the lesion, but treatment of infection and preventing tissue damage are issues that still remain to be addressed. Herbal medicine and biological studies have focused on developing antiviral drugs from natural sources. In this study, we analyzed the potential antiviral effects of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. leaf extracts against HPV. The pine needle extracts from each organic solvent were analyzed for antiviral activity. The methylene chloride fraction (PN-MC) showed the highest activity against HPV pseudovirus (PV). The PN-MC extract was more effective before, rather than after treatment, and therefore represents a prophylactic intervention. Mice were pre-treated with PN-MC via genital application or oral administration, followed by a genital or subcutaneous challenge with HPV PV, respectively. The HPV challenge results showed that mice treated via genital application exhibited complete protection against HPV. In conclusion, PN-MC represents a potential topical virucide for HPV infection.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.213-217
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• 1998

This study was performed to observe cytotoxic effect of the pine needle extracts against cancer cell lines including human gastric carcinoma (KATOIII), human lung carcinoma (A549), human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and SRB (sulforhodamine B) method. The extracts were prepared by step-wise fractionation of ethanol extract of pine needles using diethylether, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water. The growth of the cancer cells in medium containing pine needle extracts were significantly inhibited degree in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. A significant shrinkage of Hep3B cells was observed when the cells were exposed into 0.5, 1 mg/mL of pinus rigida extract.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.172-176
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• 2011

This study was aimed to verify suppressive effect of pine-needle extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. In order to evaluate suppressive effect on iNOS expression, RAW 264.7 cells were stably transfected using an iNOS promoterluciferase reporter plasmid yielding RAW 264.7/pGL2-NeomiNOS_ pro11 cells. Established in vitro detection system revealed to diminish LPS-induced iNOS expression by 0.1~500 ${\mu}g/mL$ of saponin at the concentration-dependant manner. Pine needle extract also diminished LPS-induced iNOS expression to 92 and 88% at 500 and 50 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. These results suggest that the in vitro detection system developed here could be useful for the verification of suppressive materials on iNOS expression and pine needle extract could be used for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1987

As people know how to brew a wine from fruits and cereals, they continued to develope various wines good to their taste. Korean wines are also ones made from cereals and they have long been eager to improve the delicate taste. They used to drink Takju, raw rice wine, made from nonglutinous rice and Nuruk, a kind of yeast starter. During Koryo Dynasty, Soju a liquor was imported from Won(the Chinese dynasty). Nowadays this traditional folk wine, which had been developed variously and drunk all over the country, is decreasing year after year. The purpose of this study was to review on the wines ; its kinds, raw materials, brewing method, manufacturing utensils, measuring units and devices and the terms for wine making based on 20 documents published in 1600, in the middle of Yi dynesty. The results of review were as follows. 1. There were 121 kinds of wines at that time in Korea. 2. Among the raw materials for wines, major materials were glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, wheat flour, wheat, mung bean, and black soybean. And minor materials were pepper corn, Lycium chinenisis, cinnamon, pine needles, pine nuts, jujube, mugwort leaves, lotus leaves, pine corn, pine bud, chrysanthemum, pine flowers, honey, Acanthopanox seoultenses, bamboo-root, marrowbone of blak cow, sweet flag, Ciprus noblis, Saurea lappa, honey suckle, Tricho santhes, azalea, the leaves of the paper mulberry, and bark of chungum tree. 3. There were several kinds of wines such as a wine without using Nuruk, a wine made from glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, or glutinous and nonglutinous rice with flour. 4. There were several brewing methods for wines such as a wine boiled with ring rice cake, a wine brewed with loaves of rice cake, a wine brewed with hard boiled rice, a wine brewed with rice gruel, and a wine brewed with powdered rice gruel. 5. There were 23 kinds of utensils including measuring devices for weight and volume.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2014

Objectives: On September 27, 2012, leakage of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid occurred in a chemical plant in the Gumi National Industrial Complex. Following the accident, local factory workers and residents complained of abnormal health conditions. In addition, visual discolorations were widely observed in crops and trees in surrounding areas. The main objectives of the present study were to identify the area that was affected by the spill using data obtained from plants, soil, and water samples after the accident. Methods: Fluoride concentrations were analyzed in pine tree needles, soil, nearby streams, ponds and reservoirs collected from an area within a radius of three kilometers from the plant where the leak occurred. Fluoride concentrations in the air at the time of leakage were then estimated from fluoride concentrations that were measured in the pine tree needles. A Kriged map was developed to describe the spatial distribution of hydrofluoric acid at the time of the leakage and was compared with the area designated as a Special Disaster Zone by the government. Results: The Special Disaster Zone did not include all the affected area that was estimated by the Kriged map. Analytical results of the environmental samples also supported this discrepancy. Conclusion: Using plants, atmospheric concentrations of fluoride at the time of the leakage could be estimated. For the area that was identified as affected, further public health risk assessment and environmental risk assessment should be considered. Also, in the absence of air monitoring at the time of leakage, studies employing plants may be conducted in order to better understand the spatial extent and severity of the contamination.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1994

An antioxidative compound was isolated from pine needles. This compound was identified as 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3[2H]-furanone on the basis of spectroscopic evidences. It scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals more efficiently than maltol and tocopherol did. It exhibited an inhibitory effect on the lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome induced by Fe(ll)/ascorbate, and the protective effect against UV cytotoxicity in cultured human fibroblasts. In addition, HMF appeared to prevent the cellular melanogenesis in the cultured murine melanoma cells, more effectively than kojic acid, a well known inhibitor of melanogenesis, while the former was not so effective as the latter for the inhibilion of the tyrosinase. Considering that cellular melanogenesis is a metabolic process triggered by oxidative stress, it was tentatively deduced that the antioxidative property of HMF may afford the effect against cellular pigmentation by alleviating the causative stress. This study provided a novel inhibitor of melanogenesis, that might be useful for the cosmetic applications.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-70
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• 1974

Experiments were carried out to find the difference of resin canal numbers by tree age and topophysis of crown of black pine needles, and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The average numbers of resin canal by tree age were increased from the age of 5 years were not difference between 10 and thereafter years significantly. 2. In this observation, the range of resin canal number was 2 to 9. 3. The numbers by the topophysis of crown did not show significant differences but the individual trees showed significant variations in the canal number in younger trees.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.589-596
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• 2021

Nitrogen applied to soil is highly prone to leaching and volatilization leading to gaseous emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ammonia (NH₃) which are of great environmental concern. Usage of biochar to reduce the discharge of nitrogen to the environment has attracted much interest in the recent past. Biochar is produced by pyrolyzing various biomasses under oxygen-limited conditions. Biochar is a carbonized material with high adsorptive powers for not only plant nutrients but also heavy metals. The objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption characteristics of NH₄-N onto biochar made from pine needles. The biochar was produced at various pyrolysis temperatures including 300, 400 and 500℃ and holding times of 30 and 120 minutes. The Langmuir isotherm was used to evaluate the adsorption test results. The chemical properties of the biochar varied with the pyrolysis conditions. In particular, the pH, EC and total carbon content increased with the increasing pyrolysis conditions. The rate of adsorption of NH₄-N by the biochar decreased with the increasing pyrolysis conditions. Of these conditions, biochar that was pyrolyzed at 300℃ for 30 minutes showed the highest adsorption rate of approximately 0.071 mg·g^-1. Thus, the use of biochar pyrolyzed at low temperatures with a short holding time can most efficiently reduce ammonia emissions from agricultural land.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 1985

Pinus thunbergii ${\times}$ P. massoniana $F_1$ hybrids were made by pollinating 15 years old Japanese black pine (P. thunbergii) with Masson pine (P. massoniana) pollen, air-shipped from Taiwan. The crossability between two species were observed. Seedling height, morphological characteristics, and the composition of phenolic compounds of these hybrids and the open-pollinated progenies of P. thunbergii were investigated. The results of the observation were as follows; 1) Number of the hybrid seeds per cone was 2.3, while open-pollinated Japanese black pine produced 26 seeds per cone. 2) All hybrid seedlings outgrew P. thunbergii, averaging 151% of mean height of Japanese black pine seedlings. The growth of hybrids was much variable, ranging from 120% to 208% of mean height of the open-pollinated progenies of P. thunbergii. 3) With regard to needle characteristics, the hybrid needles were longer and softer than those of P. thunbergii. The color of hybrid needles showed yellowish green. The positions of resin ducts in P. thunbergii observed medial, while those of hybrids showed medial and external. 4) No large difference in phenolic compound composition between hybrid and P. thunbergii was found, but phenolic compound of unknown 4 and 6 were observed only in hybrid. Further intensive work is recommended in this area.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.529-535
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• 2014

To examine the levels of preservatives that occur naturally in food, wild plants used as commercial teas, rice cakes, or spices were studied according to the method of the Korean Food Code and analyzed with a gas chromatograph and HPLC. The levels of the natural preservatives (sodium dehydroacetate, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, isopropyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and propionic acid) in 21 cases were investigated against 15 kinds of wild plants. Six of 15 kinds of wild plants, such as pine needles, bamboo leaf, kudzu leaf, ramie leaf, mugwort, and nut pine leaf, were confirmed to have had sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and propionic acid. 8.201-21.839 mg/kg of benzoic acid was detected in the bamboo leaf, ramie leaf, pine needles, mugwort, kudzu leaf, and nut pine leaf. The sorbic acid contents of the bamboo leaf and the kudzu leaf were 5.630-24.995 mg/kg, respectively. The propionic acid content of the ramie leaf was 61.324-62.726 mg/kg. Nine kinds of wild plants, such as the Korean berchimia leaf, taro leaf, sasa borealis, lotus leaf, kuansh, chrysanthemum zawadskii, oak tree leaf, Chinese pepper leaf, and persimmon leaf, were not detected at the levels of the natural preservatives.