• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.459-463
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the plant-parasitic nematodes of ornamental foliage plants, citrus orchards, and tea plantations from July to December 2022. As a result of the investigation of plant-parasitic nematodes in 415 foliage plants, root-lesion nematodes were detected most frequently, followed by root-knot nematodes, pin nematodes, and other nematodes. In tea plantations, spiral nematodes, cyst nematodes, and root-knot nematodes were detected. Citrus nematodes, ring nematodes, and root-knot nematodes were discovered in citrus orchards. In foliage plants, tea plantations, and citrus orchards, the detection rate of plant-parasitic nematodes was not high, but root-lesion nematodes were detected. Therefore, it is necessary to apply appropriate control methods to manage root-lesion nematodes during the cultivation of foliage, tea, and citrus plants.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2006

Background: The authors conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the mechanism of injury, the surgical techniques, the clinical features, the combined injuries, the treatment results, and the surgical complications in patients with atlantoaxial fracture/subluxations. Methods: The authors reviewed 71 cervical fracture/dislocations during a four-year period from September 2002 to August 2006. Among them, there were twenty one C1,2 fracture/subluxations. There were thirteen men (mean age : 43.5 years) and eight women (mean age : 50 years). Their follow-up period was at least 6 months, and the mean follow-up period was 9.6 months. Gardner-Wells tongs traction was used in all patients immediately on presentation. Surgical treatment was performed, depending on the pathologic conditions. Results: Of all 21 cases, 14 cases were injured in motor vehicle accidents, 5 were falls, and 2 were miscellaneous. There were four C1 fracture (5.6%), fourteen C2 fracture (66.7%), one C1 and 2 combined fracture (4.8%), and one C1-2 subluxation (4.8%). The C1 fractures in our series were classified as two Jefferson's fractures and two C1 lateral mass fracture. The C2 fractures were classified as one odontoid type I fracture, two odontoid type II fractures, five odontoid type III fractures, one hangman's fracture, and four C2 body tear-drop fractures. Atlantoaxial fractures were associated with six (28.6%) head injuries, four (19.0%) other spinal injuries, two (9.5%) chest injuries, and three (14.3%) spinal cord injuries. Surgical treatment was performed in nine cases, which included anterior odontoid screw fixation in two cases, transarticular screw fixation with iliac bone graft in one case, posterior fixation by using C2 pedicle screw and C3 lateral mass screw in three cases, lateral mass screw fixation C1-2 with iliac bone graft in one case, O(occipito)-C1-3-4 screw fixation in one case, posterior C2-3 wiring with allograft in one case, and halo vest in six cases. Conservative management was used in the rest of the patients in our trials. Bone fusion was complete in all cases. There were no operation-related complication, except one pin site infection in the case of halo vest. Conclusion: In this study, the choice of appropriate treatment according to the fracture types resulted in safe and effective management of unique atlantoaxial fracture/subluxations.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the structural dynamic behavior under hybrid control system. The hybrid test is to consider the interaction between the numerical and physical models. In this paper, single degree of freedom hybrid test was performed with one-bay, two-story steel frame structure. One column at the first floor was selected as a physical substructure and one actuator was used for applying the displacement load in horizontal direction. El Centro as earthquake waves was inputted and OpenSees was employed as the numerical analysis program for the hybrid real-time simulation. As a result, the total time of the hybrid test was about 9.6% of actual measured seismic period. The experimental results agreed well with the numerical one in terms of the maximum displacement. In nonlinear analysis, however, material nonlinearity made a difference of residual strain. Therefore, this hybrid dynamic test can be used to predict the structural dynamic performance more effectively than shaking table test, because of the spatial and economic limitations.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

In the fall of 1992, growth characteristics and cone-bearing behaviour of crown top shoots were investigated on Pin us koraiensis trees, belonging to age class VII and IV, in the School Forests, College of Forestry, Kangwon National University to obtain basic information for the design of Korean pine cone harvesting machine. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The length of terminal main shoots and lateral shoots of the trees in age class IV was 27~56cm and 18~47cm, respectively, both of which were significantly higher than those of the trees in age class VII. 2. There was no significant difference between two age classes in the branching angle ($24{\sim}89^{\circ}$) of lateral shoots and in the diameter (10~30mm) of two-year-old main shoots. However, one-year-old terminal main shoots of age class IV showed the higher diameter (9~18mm) than those of age class VII. 3. Mean cone number per tree was 5, and mean fresh weight of cone was 272g. No significant difference was found in these traits between both age classes. 4. Cones, on an average, hung on the two-year-old main shoots 15cm above the basal ends in age class VII and 33cm above in age class IV. Both lengths are equivalent to one half and four fifths of the shoots, respectively. 5. The fresh weight range of crown-top shoots containing cones was 1.0~7.4kg.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2017

The CRISPR/Cas9 is a core technology that can result in a paradigm for breeding new varieties. This study describes in detail the sgRNA design, vector construction, and the development of a transgenic plant and its molecular analysis, and demonstrates how gene editing technology through the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be applied easily and accurately. CRISPR/Cas9 facilitates targeted gene editing through RNA-guided DNA cleavage, followed by cellular DNA repair mechanisms that introduce sequence changes at the site of cleavage. It also allows the generation of heritable-targeted gene mutations and corrections. Here, we present detailed procedures involved in the CRISPR/Cas9 system to acquire faster, easier and more cost-efficient gene edited transgenic rice. The protocol described here establishes the strategies and steps for the selection of targets, design of sgRNA, vector construction, and analysis of the transgenic lines. The same principles can be used to customize the versatile CRISPR/Cas9 system, for application to other plant species.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1781-1787
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• 2015

Background: miRNAs are relatively recently discovered cancer biomarkers which have important implications for cancer early diagnosis, treatment and estimation of prognosis. Here we focussed on expression of mir-196a-5p in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines so as to analyse its significance for clinicopathologic characteristics and generate enriched KEGG pathways clustered by target genes for exploring its potential roles as a biomarker in gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The expression of mir-196a-5p in poorly, moderate and well differentiated gastric cancer cell lines compared with GES-1 was detected by RT-qPCR, and the expression of mir-196a-5p in gastric cancer tissues comparing with adjacent non cancer tissues of 58 cases were also assessed by RT-qPCR. Subsequently, an analysis of clinical significance of mir-196a-5p in gastric cancer and enriched KEGG pathways was executed based on the miRWalk prediction database combined with bioinformatics tools DAVID 6.7 and Mirfocus 3.0. Results: RT-qPCR showed that mir-196a-5p was up-regulated in 6 poorly and moderate differentiated gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901, MKN-45, MKN-28, MGC-803, BGC-823, HGC-27 compared with GES-1, but down-regulated in the highly differentiated gastric cancer cell line AGS. Clinical data indicated mir-196a-5p to beup-regulated in gastric cancer tissues (47/58). Overexpression of mir-196a-5p was associated with more extensive degree of lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (P < 0.05; x2 test). Enriched KEGG pathway analyses of predicted and validated targets in miRWalk combined with DAVID 6.7 and Mirfocus 3.0 showed that the targeted genes regulated by mir-196a-5p were involved in malignancy associated biology. Conclusions: Overexpression of mir-196a-5p is associated with lymph node metastasis and clinical stage, and enriched KEGG pathway analyses showed that targeted genes regulated by mir-196a-5p may contribute to tumorgenesis, suggesting roles as an oncogenic miRNA biomarker in gastric cancer.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the of effective concentration of procaine iontophoresis for durarion of cutaneous local anesthesia. Forty-five healthy students with an age range of 19 to 34 years$(21\pm2.7)$, were participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Bach 9 subjects received iontophoresis on the flexor surface of dominant forearm with soft cotton pad $(3.5\times3.5cm)$ soaked in 2ml of $2\%$ (pH 5.28), $4\%$ (pH 5.12), $8\%$ (pH 4,98), $16\%$ (pH 4.72), $32\%$ (pH 4.52) procaine hydrochloride solution at 4mA for 10 minutes (total current 40mA min) using anodal direct current. The study was performed in a randomized, double-blind design, After procaine iontophoresis, the duration of anesthesia were evaluated at five minute intervals on five random locations in the iontophoretically area using a 21-gauge sterile hypodermic needle pressed with 1mm invagination unitl sharp pin-pricking pain sensation returned. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA to determine significant differences between groups. Duncan post hoc was performed at level .01. The relationship between anesthetic duration and procaine concentration was assessed with Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients. ANOVA tests showed significant differences in the anesthetic duration between the concentration of procaine solution (p<.001). Procaine iontophoresis with $4\%$ concentration produced cutaneous Socal anesthesia of significantly longer duration(15.56 min) than iontophoresis with $2\%,\;8\%,\;16\%$, and $32\%$ of procaine GCl(p<.01). Whereas the anesthetic duration had no correlation with concentration of procaine solution (r=-0.41, NS). These results support the $4\%$ procaine solution was an effective concentration of iontophoresis for induced cutaneous local anesthesia.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2007

Purpose: Good results using minimal invasive hallux valgus surgery has been reported recently. We evaluate the usefulness of linear distal metatarsal osteotomy with minimal skin incision in mild and moderate hallux valgus deformity. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients (thirty-one cases) who had mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity and underwent linear distal metatarsal osteotomy using minimal skin incision were evaluated between February 2005 and February 2006. Hallux-metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale of AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) score was used as clinical evaluation. Preoperative, postoperative, after pin removal, and final follow up plain radiographs were used as radiologic evaluation. Results: Twenty-six cases (83%) among thirty-one cases showed more than average satisfaction, Average AOFAS score were improved from 63.2 points (range 45-74 points) to 86.4 points (range 67-93 points). Preoperative radiologic index of IMA $14.0^{\circ}$ (range $10-18^{\circ}$), HVA $30.2^{\circ}$ (range $19-39^{\circ}$), DMAA $13.8^{\circ}$ (range $5-23^{\circ}$) were improved postoperatively as IMA $8.3^{\circ}$ (range $5-10^{\circ}$), HVA $10.5^{\circ}$ (range $2-20^{\circ}$), DMAA $7.2^{\circ}$ (range $0-14^{\circ}$) correctively. Mean operative time was 15.5 minutes (range 11-18 minutes) and mean operative time was 5.6 days (range 2-8 days). Conclusion: Despite small skin incision and short operative time and admission period, linear distal metatarsal osteotomy with minimal skin incision showed similar results with conventional distal metatarsal osteotomy. Thus, it was thought to be useful operation in mild and moderate hallux valgus deformity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.872-879
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• 2010

Textured vegetable protein (TVP) was fermented by the solid-state fermentation using Bacillus subtilis HA and biologically active compounds were produced by fermentation for 7 days. The longer fermentation time resulted in the color change of fermented TVP with strong dark red and yellow color. Melanoidin production rapidly increased until fermentation for 48 hr, but did change afterwards. The 70% ethanol extract of TVP fermented for 24 hr showed higher DPPH radical scavenging effect with $IC_{50}$ of 0.99 mg/mL but longer fermentation did not increase its activity. Also, 70% ethanol extract of TVP fermented for 72 hr indicated higher ABTS radical scavenging effect with $IC_{50}$ of 1.68 mg/mL. Consistency index in TVP fermented for 48 hr was the highest values with 7.89 $Pa{\cdot}s^n$. Viscoelastic properties of TVP fermented for 48 hr were maximally enhanced, and viscous value (G") is higher than the elastic value (G'). The $\gamma$-polyglutamic acid (PGA) content was increased by increasing fermentation time with 37.72% of $\gamma$-PGA at 168 hr. However, levan content and molecular weight of PGA were decreased with increasing fermentation time from 7.83% to 3.91% and 1649.3 kDa to 1286.8 kDa, respectively.

• Composites Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.296-301
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• 2020

Laminated composite materials have excellent in-plane properties, but are vulnerable in thickness directions, making it easy to delamination when bending and torsion loads are applied. Thickness directional reinforcement methods of composite materials that delay delamination include Z-pinning, Stitching, Tufting, etc., and typically Z-pinning and Stitching method are commonly used. The Z-pinning is reinforcement method by inserting metal or carbon pin in the thickness direction of prepreg, and the conventional stitching process is a method of reinforcing the mechanical properties in the thickness direction by intersecting the upper and lower fibers on the preform. In this paper, I-fiber stitching method, which complement and improve weakness of Z-pinning and Stitching method, was proposed, and the static strength of composite single-lap joints using I-fiber stitching process were evaluated. The single-lap joints were fabricated by a co-curing method using an autoclave vacuum bag process. The thickness of the composite adherend was fixed, and 5 types of specimens were manufactured with varying the stitching pattern (5×5, 7×7) and angle (0°, 45°). From the test, the failure load of the specimen reinforced by the I-fiber stitching process was increased by up to 143% compared to that of specimen without reinforcement.