• 한국의류학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.84-95
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• 2020

Wearing ease is a critical factor when designing special uniforms such as flight pilot's garment and should reflect occupational properties for better performance. This study measured skin surface on 31 areas in seven postures that refer to the pilot's occupational postures as well as made six prediction models including linear mixed model (LMM) for each body part to find the best fit model. Skin surface measured from 3D body scanned images of 11 male pilot participants. There were significantly positive and negative changes in various areas from standing posture (P1) to dynamic postures (P2-P7). Six models were designed in various compositions using stature and chest circumference as fixed effects and subject and posture as random effects. The best models were linear mixed models with one fixed effect (chest circumference or stature, varies with body parts) and two random effects (subject and posture). The results of this study provide reference data to set wearing ease for pilot's garment and suggests a new methodology in this research area, but verifying the effect of diverse independent variables is left for future studies.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.1005-1013
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 밀리미터파를 활용한 이동무선백홀에서 상향링크의 파일럿 신호 구조를 제안하였다. Zadoff-Chu 시퀀스를 이용하여 생성된 파일럿 신호는 두 개의 안테나 포트에 대한 송신 다이버시티를 위하여 주파수 축 상에서 교차 매핑 또는 연속 매핑되는 구조가 가능하며, 파일럿 신호의 매핑 방법에 따라 채널 추정 알고리즘이 달라진다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 지하철 환경을 가정한 레일리 페이딩 채널에서 성능을 분석한 결과, 교차 매핑 방법이 연속 매핑 방법에 비해 채널 추정의 성능 열화가 없었고 이 방법을 사용하여 상향링크 채널 추정기의 구현 복잡 도를 줄일 수 있었다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권11호
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• pp.2108-2113
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• 2010

The Long Term Evolution (LTE) system is based on the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and relies its channel estimation on the lattice-type pilot samples in the multipath fading channel environment. The estimation of the channel frequency response (CFR) makes use of the least squares estimate (LSE) for each pilot samples, followed by an interpolation both in time- and in frequency-domain to fill up the channel estimates for subcarriers corresponding to data samples. Any interpolation scheme could be adopted for this purpose. Depending on the requirements of the target system, we may choose a simple linear interpolation or a sophisticated one. For any choice of an interpolation scheme, these is a trade-off between estimation accuracy and numerical cost. For those wireless communication systems based on the OFDM and the preamble-type pilot structure, the DFT-based channel estimation and its variants have been successfully. Yet, it may not be suitable for the lattice-type pilot structure, since the pilot samples are not sufficient to provide an accurate estimate and it is known to be sensitive to the location as well as the length of the time-domain window. In this paper, we propose a simple interpolated based on the upsampling mechanism in the multirate signal processing. The proposed method provides an excellent alternative to the DFT-based methods in terms of numerical cost and accuracy. The performance of the proposed technique is verified on a multipath environment suggested on a 3GPP LTE specification.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2024

This article is a narrative review that discusses the recommended sample size requirements to design a pilot study to assess the reliability of a questionnaire. A list of various sample size tables that are based on the kappa agreement test, intra-class correlation test and Cronbach's alpha test has been compiled together. For all calculations, type I error (alpha) was set at a maximum value of 0.05, and power was set at a minimum value of 80.0%. For the kappa agreement test, intra-class correlation test, and Cronbach's alpha test, the recommended minimum sample size requirement based on the ideal effect sizes shall be at least 15, 22, and 24 subjects respectively. By making allowances for a non-response rate of 20.0%, a minimum sample size of 30 respondents will be sufficient to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The clear guideline of minimum sample size requirement for the pilot study to assess the reliability of a questionnaire is discussed and this will ease researchers in preparation for the pilot study. This study provides justification for a minimum requirement of a sample size of 30 respondents specifically to test the reliability of a questionnaire.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.162-163
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 국내 최초로 개발되는 LNG벙커링 바지시스템 개발에 관하여 소개한다. 벙커링바지는 500cbm의 용량을 가지며, LNG추진 ready 개념으로 개발된다. 핵심기술로는 벙커링바지의 설계, 설계된 바지의 안정성 평가 및 Ship-To-Ship 안정성평가 기술, 고망간강 Type-C 저장탱크 설계 및 제작 기술, 적하역을 고려한 공정시스템 설계 및 실증, 열량유량시스템 설계 및 실증, 가스공급시스템 설계 및 실증, 각종 유틸리티의 설계 및 실증 기술, 적하역 절차서 등이 개발된다. 설계부터 건조까지 전 과정을 국내 기술을 적용하여 개발하며, 국내에서 개발된 선급인증된 기자재가 최대한 적용되도록 한다. 국내 기업들이 LNG 구조물에 관한 track-record를 확보하여 향후, 산업화에 기여할 수 있도록 한다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집D
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• pp.979-984
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• 2001

As a preceding process for developing design technology and establishing operation technology, the design procedure of the SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) pilot plant that can handle $1,000Nm^{3}/hr$ of flue gas was reported in this paper. And we also considered several factors that might cause abnormality of the plant in the designing process. The plant was designed and fabricated to test the $DeNO_{x}$ performances in variable operating conditions in the range of $3,000{\sim}36,000hr^{-1}/hr$ in space velocities, $1.67{\sim}6\;m/s$ in linear velocities, $200{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ temperatures, $300{\sim}1,000Nm^{3}/hr$ flow rates, and $0{\sim}1.4:1\;NH_{3}/NO$ ratios. In order to maintain the flow uniformity, the guide vanes and flow straightener were designed and constructed in the plant. The SCR pilot plant can be operated by the automatic control system, which enable to obtain performance data in real time and to set up the operating technology. The catalyst reactor consists of 4 catalyst layers and surface area of each layer can be adjusted to be of small size. Arrangement of catalysts per layer is $3{\times}6$ with the catalyst dimensions of $150{\times}150{\times}500mm(L{\times}W{\times}H)$.

• 청정기술
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2003

화력발전소에서 배출되는 질소산화물 제어를 위한 선택적 촉매 환원 공정은 안정적이며 고효율 설계가 가능하여 범용적으로 사용되고 있는 기술이다. 선택적 촉매 환원 공정의 최적 설계를 위해서는 촉매 특성에 따른 설계기술이 정립되어야 하며, 다양한 조건에 대한 설계경험이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 SCR 공정의 설계자료 도출을 위해 설계/제작된 $1,000Nm^3/hr$급 SCR 파일럿 플랜트를 이용하여 반응온도, $NH_3/NO$ 몰비, 공간속도, 선속도 및 압력손실 등의 설계변수에 대한 성능실험을 수행하고, 도출된 실험 결과를 통한 설계과정을 기술하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.659-668
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• 2006

실험계획법을 이용하여 nitromethane을 초임계수산화(SCWO)로 분해시키는 공정의 최적화 연구를 진행하였다. Lab scale 반응설비를 이용하여 처리수의 COD와 T-N을 최소화하는 SCWO 공정의 최적 운전조건을 도출하였으며, scale-up 문제점을 파악하기 위해 SCWO pilot plant 실험 결과와 lab scale 최적화 실험 결과를 비교하였다. 처리수의 COD와 T-N을 최적화 목적 변수(KPOV)로 설정하였으며, 예비실험을 통해 반응 온도(temp)와 nitromethane과 암모니아수의 몰 비(NAR)를 주요 운전 변수(KPIV)로 설정하였다. 최적화 실험은 통계적 실험계획법인 중심합성설계법을 사용하였으며, 실험결과의 해석은 반응표면법을 활용하였다. 주 효과 분석결과 처리수의 COD는 Temp 증가에 따라 급격하게 감소하며, NAR 증가에 따라 약간 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, T-N은 Temp 와 NAR 증가에 따라 감소하였다. Temp가 $420{\sim}430^{\circ}C$로 낮을 때에는 NAR 증가에 따라 T-N이 급격히 감소하였으나, $450^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 높을 때에는 큰 변화가 없었다. 최적화 실험 결과를 회귀분석 하여 처리수의 COD와 T-N 을 예측할 수 있도록 Temp와 NAR이 변수인 2차식으로 회귀식을 도출하였으며, 결정계수($r^2$)와 표준화잔차의 정규성을 분석하여 회귀식이 실험결과를 잘 모사하는 것을 확인하였다. 회귀식을 이용하여 COD < 2 mg/L, T-N<40 mg/L를 동시에 만족시키며 부식 위험이 적은 nitromethane 분해 최적 운전 조건은 Temp $450-460^{\circ}C$, NAR 1.03-1.08로 설정하였다. SCWO pilot plant를 이용하여 nitromethane 분해 최적 조건을 검증하고, SCWO 공정의 scale-up 문제점을 파악하는 연구를 실시하였다. SCWO pilot plant 실험 결과를 lab scale 반응설비에서 도출한 COD와 T-N의 회귀식과 비교한 결과 오차가 증가하지만 회귀식이 pilot plant 실험결과도 잘 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Pilot plant 실험결과에 대한 회귀식의 적합성은 실험값과 예측값의 비교도와 표준화잔차의 정규성으로 검증하였다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 1998년도 추계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.405-408
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• 1998

Generally, the principle function of simulator control loading system is to provide the pilot or student with the "feel" of the actual aircraft flight control systems during flight, taxing, and in malfunction. Flight control "feel" is the resistance felt by the pilot when moving a control stick or pedal, coupled with the amount of control surface deflection, and hence aircraft response, resulting from the input. Therefore, the control loading servo must be capable of performing to some general list of requirements derived from real aircraft control forces. In this paper, we deal with a $\mu-controller$ design for a control loading system of the flight simulator. For this, we derive a frequency response of the hydraulic system from the identification data and then design a controller using a $\mu-synthesis$ method. Under the same condition of simulation, $\mu-controller$ provides the superior performance than PID controller.than PID controller.

• 산업공학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1992

A study to analyze and solve inherent problems of a pilot cola machine has been presented in this paper. The product considered in this study involves at least 16 variables(factors) which simultaneously affect the product performance. For this multi-variate statistical problem, we first carefully examined their relationships and selected four variables considered as the most important. We have taken Taguchi's parameter design approach, specifically the $L_8\:(2^7)$ orthogonal array, and determined the optimal levels of the selected variables through the analysis of the experimental results. Finally, we conclude this study with providing general comments drawn from the analysis and verification experiments.