• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1975-1984
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• 2020

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effects of body weight (BW) and fiber sources on nutrient digestibility, fiber fermentation and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration in different intestinal segments of growing pigs fed high-fiber diets. Methods: Nine barrows with initial BW of 25.17±0.73 kg and 9 barrows with initial BW of 63.47±2.18 kg were allotted to a duplicate 9×2 Youden Square design with 3 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The dietary treatments were formulated with 3 different high-fiber ingredients: corn bran, sugar beet pulp, and soybean hulls, respectively. Each diet was fed to 3 barrows with different stage of BW in each period. Results: There were no differences in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of most nutrients between pigs at different BW stages. Pigs at 60 kg had greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and had greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of IDF and cellulose than pigs at 25 kg. The acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations in ileal digesta and feces of pigs at 60 kg were greater (p<0.05) than those of pigs at 25 kg. In addition, fiber sources affected (p<0.05) the AID of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein, SDF and hemicellulose, the hindgut disappearance and ATTD of dietary fiber components, the lactate and propionate concentrations in ileal digesta and the butyrate, valerate and total SCFA concentrations in feces. There were interactions (p<0.05) between BW and fiber sources on the AID of GE, OM, EE, SDF, hemicellulose, the ATTD of EE, TDF, and IDF, and the hindgut disappearance of SDF and hemicellulose. Conclusion: Increasing BW mainly improved the digestibility of dietary fiber fractions, and the dietary fiber sources influenced the digestibility of almost all the dietary nutrients in growing pigs.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2001

The protective effects of egg yolk atibodies obtained from chickens immunized with fimbrial antigens from ETEC 987P were evaluated in 14 and 21 d old pigs in which ETEC diarrhea was induced. For the Exp. 1, eight early-weaned pigs($5.00{\pm}0.5kg$ average BW and 14 d average age) and eight weaned pigs($6.00{\pm}0.5kg$ average BW and 21 d average age) were used to examine influence of egg yolk antibodies on growth performance and resistance to ETEC 987P infection. Dietary treatments included 1) administered of commercial egg yolk(14 d of age; CEY14), 2) administered of egg yolk antibodies(14 d of age; EYA14), 3) administered of commercial egg yolk(21 d of age; CEY21), 4) administered of egg yolk antibodies(21 d of age; EYA21). The 14 and 21 d old pigs were challenged with 2 ml of ETEC 987P at a dose of $10^{10}\;CFU\;ml^{-1}$ per weaned pigs. Weaned pigs treated with egg yolk antibodies recovered and pigs treated with egg yolk antibodies tended to increase average daily gain(P<0.05). Also, EYA12 and EYA21 treatments were reduced coli-form bacteria concentration and increased Lactobacilli sp. concentration from feces. For the Exp. 2, sixteen weaned pigs($6.00{\pm}0.5kg$ average daily gain BW and 21 d average age) were used to examine influence of yolk or white from egg containing antibodies on growth performance and resistance to ETEC 987P infection. Dietary treatments included l) administered of commercial egg yolk(CEY), 2) administered of commercial egg white(CEW), 3) administered of egg yolk antibodies(EYA), 4) administered of egg white antibodies(EWA). Pigs treated only with EYA showed signs of recovery. Also, EYA treatment showed the best average daily gain without significant differences (P>0.05). EYA treatment was reduced coli-form bacteria concentration increased and Lactobacilli sp. concentration from feces. In conclusion, egg yolk antibodies have protective effects from pigs in which ETEC diarrhea was induced.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.149-158
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• 1995

The purpose of the present study was to understand the pathogenesis of infections in piglets inoculated with C parvum isolated from mice alone and combined with porcine rotavirus (S-80). Thirteen 10-day piglets were divided in four groups; Three, A group, were only given by C parvum. Four, B group, were orally administrated with firstly porcine rotavirus and then C patvum. Three, C group, were orally inoculated with porcine rotavirus alone. The rest, D group, were used as controls. During the experiment, there were daily recorded clinical signs including diarrhea to each pig. According to the periodic intervals for necropsy, all pigs were sacrificed from 4 to 12 days after the final inoculation of C parvum. Location and distribution of two pathogens, C parvum and rotavirus, in the intestinal mucosa of piglets tested were examined by pathological and immunohistological means. In addition, parasitological test using the feces of piglets was applied for the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts as well. A group showed diarrhea from 4 to 6 days post-inoculation(PI) and also discharged C parvum oocysts in feces during the day 4 to 7 PI. In tissue sections of jejunum and ileum, cryptosporidial oocysts were observed a few on the top of villi with slightly fusion. B group represented sign of diarrhea and discharge of oocysts from 2 to 11 days PI. There were some cryptosporidial oocysts both in the jejunal lumen and in the lumen of mucosal glands. As progressed, oocysts were most commonly distributed on the tip of villi of jejunum. Histopathologically there were also mild to moderately fused, attenuated focal desquamated, congested villi and mononuclear cell infiltration of varying degrees in the lamina propria of small intestine and colon at the day 4 and 7 PI. C group showed slightly to mildly attenuated and fused top of villi and mildly mucosal congestion. D group as controls was grossly and histopathologically normal in all parts of intestine. The present results indicate that the piglets inoculated with C parvum only are certainly milder in pathogenesis including duration of clinical course and severity of lesion than those in piglets concurrently infected with porcine rotavirus and C parvum. Also the strain (VRI-CN91) of C parvum used in the study has very low pathogenicity to occur enteritis of piglets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion of growing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation with yucca extract (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (16, 18, 20%). During the whole experimental period (18 to 52 kg body weight), there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI or F/G by YE addition or different protein levels among treatments (p>0.05). Overall, although addition of YE to the diet and elevation of protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments. Pigs fed diets with YE showed significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) digestibility than did the others during the growing period. Concerning the levels of dietary protein, only the CP digestibility was significantly higher in pigs fed high protein diet. Pig fed the low protein diet without YE showed a significantly low CP digestibility (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Pigs fed YE supplemented diets showed significantly (p<0.05) higher amino acid digestibility. Also, high CP level diets showed a higher amino acid digestibility than low CP diets (p<0.05). DM and N excretion did not show any significant differences among treatments, there was a slightly lower excretion with increase in dietary protein level. Supplementation with YE significantly decreased the DM and N excretion. Interaction (YE$\times$protein) was found in P excretion. Pigs fed a medium protein diet without YE showed the lowest P excretion during the growing period. The NH3-N content in the feces tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. During the whole experimental period, the cost for YE supplementation was similar to value of the improvements of performance obtained. The cost of feeding high level protein was significantly higher than that of medium level protein by 10% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). It could be concluded that the effects of dietary protein level and yucca extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion might play a role to some extent in growing pigs from the aspect of pollution control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary maifanite supplementation and fecal collection method on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and blood parameters in growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire; $27.0{\pm}2.6kg$) were allotted to six dietary treatments with 6 pigs per treatment according to body weight in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were: i) Low Ca+cornstarch (2.25%), ii) Low Ca+maifanite (2.25%), iii) Medium Ca+cornstarch (1.42%), iv) Medium Ca+maifanite (1.42%), v) High Ca+cornstarch (0.64%), and vi) High Ca+maifanite (0.64%). Feces were collected by the total collection (TC) and indicator method (IM). At the beginning and the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each pig. Results: For the TC method, there were no difference in Ca intake, fecal Ca output, Ca retention and the ATTD of Ca between cornstarch and maifanite diets at the same dietary Ca level. However, urinary Ca excretion was lower (p = 0.01) in pigs fed low Ca diets without maifanite supplementation compared with other dietary treatments. Dietary maifanite supplementation had no effect on the P metabolism in growing pigs. For the IM method, there was no difference in Ca digestibility between cornstarch and maifanite diets at the same dietary Ca level. The ATTD of P was greater (p<0.01) in pigs fed the high Ca diet with maifanite supplementation compared with the high Ca diet with cornstarch treatment. Dietary inclusion of maifanite had no effect on blood parameters in growing pigs. Conclusion: Dietary maifanite supplementation had no effect on the ATTD of Ca and P and serum parameters in growing pigs. The IM resulted in lower digestibility values than the TC method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.998-1003
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• 2016

Although exogenous protease enzymes have been used in poultry diets quite extensively, this has not been the case for pig diets. In general, due to their better gut fermentative capacity and longer transit time, pigs have greater capacity to digest dietary proteins than poultry. However, in early-weaned piglets, the stress brought about by weaning adversely affects the digestion of dietary proteins. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the effects of a commercial protease enzyme in weanling pigs. Indices of growth, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microflora, fecal gas emission and fecal scores were measured during the study. A total of 50 weanling pigs ($6.42{\pm}0.12kg$) at 28 d of age were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 dietary treatments: i) control diet (corn-soy based) with no supplemental protease (CON), and ii) control diet+200 g/ton protease (PROT) for 42 d. A completely randomized design consisting of 2 treatments, 5 replicates, and 5 pigs in each replicate was used. Growth performance in terms of body weight ($27.04{\pm}0.38kg$ vs $25.75{\pm}0.39kg$; p<0.05) and average daily gain ($491{\pm}7.40g$ vs $460{\pm}7.46g$; p<0.05) in PROT fed pigs were increased significantly, but gain per feed ($0.700{\pm}0.01$ vs $0.678{\pm}0.01$; p>0.05) was similar between treatments at d 42. Relative to CON pigs, PROT fed pigs had increased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility ($84.66%{\pm}0.65%$ vs $81.21%{\pm}1.13%$ dry matter and $84.02%{\pm}0.52%$ vs $80.47%{\pm}1.22%$ nitrogen) and decreased (p<0.05) $NH_3$ emission ($2.0{\pm}0.16ppm$ vs $1.2{\pm}0.12ppm$) in the feces at d 42. Except for a decreased (p<0.05) in blood creatinine level, no differences were observed in red blood cell, white blood cell, lymphocyte, urea nitrogen, and IgG concentrations between treatments. Fecal score and fecal microflora (Lactobacillus and E. coli) were also similar between CON and PROT groups. Overall, the supplementation of protease enzyme in weanling pigs resulted in improved growth rate and nutrient digestibility. Exogenous protease enzyme reduced fecal $NH_3$ emission, thus, potentially serving as a tool in lowering noxious gas contribution of livestock production in the environment.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.232-235
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• 2011

Clostridium (C.) difficile 은 사람뿐만 아니라 동물에서도 새롭게 출현한 중요한 병원체로 인식되어 왔다. 제주도에서 설사 증상이 있는 132두의 돼지 직장 분변 및 냉동 결장을 대상으로 C. difficile 균체의 독소 A, B 유전자를 검출하기 위한 중합효소연쇄반응을 실시하였다. 그 결과 포유자돈 2두 이유자돈 2두 및 육성단계 돼지 1두 등 총 5두의 돼지에서 독소 A 및 B에 대하여 양성반응을 나타내었다. PCR 결과는 돼지 대장의 조직학적 병변과 일치하였다. 병리조직학적 소견으로 독소 양성 돼지의 맹장과 결장에서는 점막하직 및 장막의 부종이 관찰되었다. 점막의 병변은 국소적인 상피세포의 괴사, 부분적인 탈락 및 장벽의 괴사까지 다양하였다. 세균 검사 결과 4두 (80%)는 Salmonella typhimurium과 혼합감염되어 있었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.281-291
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 황토의 식이 첨가에 의한 돼지의 성장 특성과 혈중 조성물의 변화를 규명하는 것이다. 총 153마리의 돼지(1주령 자돈 60마리 및 성돈 93마리)를 공시하였다. 자돈군은 일반사료 식이군, 0.5% 황토 + 일반사료 식이군, 1% 황토 + 일반사료 식이군으로 무작위로 3군으로 재배치하였다. 각 군간 증체량을 비교하였을 때 1% 황토가 포함된 사료를 식이한 군에서 일반사료와 0.5% 황토 + 일반사료 투여군에 비해 체중 증가가 관찰되었으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 혈액학적 분석을 실시한 결과, 총 백혈구 수, 총 적혈구 수, 헤모글로빈 수, 혈액 중 혈구용적율, 평균 세포용적율, 평균 세포 내 헤모글로빈량, 평균 세포 내 헤모글로빈 농도, 평균 적혈구 폭, 혈소판 수치 등에서 각 군간의 유의한 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 성돈군은 일반사료 식이군과 1% 황토 + 일반사료 식이군으로 구분하였으며, 혈청학적 분석에서 혈청 알부민의 농도는 1% 황토 + 일반사료 투여군에서 다른 군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하여 있는 것을 확인하였으나(p<0.01), 다른 지표들에서는 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 황토가 포함된 사료를 투여한 군에서 획득한 분변의 조지방 함량은 다른 군에 비하여 유의하게 감소하는 것을 확인하였으며(p<0.001), 조단백 함량 및 조회분 함량은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 도체의 무게와 등지방 두께의 측정 결과 각 군간의 유의한 차이는 발견할 수 없었으나, 도체의 등급 판정 결과 황토를 투여한 군의 도체 등급은 비투여군에 비해 유의하게 등급이 향상된 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 황토의 식이 첨가는 돼지의 영양소 흡수를 개선시킴으로서 도체의 등급을 향상시키는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2001

가축의 행동에 대한 관심이 치근 고조되고 있으며, 향후에는 가축복지법의 규제도 받게 될 실정인데 비하여 우리 나라는 아직 동물과 환경과의 관계에 대한 연구가 미진한 실정이다. 돈사의 구조적 특성은 돼지에게 여러 가지 측면에서 영향을 미쳐 생산성을 좌우하게 될 뿐만 아니라 동물복지 차원에서도 연구가 진행되어야 할 시점이다. 따라서 본 실험은 무창 육성·비육돈사에서 계절별 환기시스템에 따른 휴식공간을 파악하고자 하였으며, 또한 측벽밀폐 비율이 돼지의 배분 습성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 1. 돈방 측벽밀폐율을 50%, 75%, 100% 세수준으로 하였을 때 돼지의 배분습성은 온도, 습도, 공기유속과 상관없이 일정한 지역에 배분하는 행동을 보였다. 따라서 돼지는 돈방내의 어두운 지점에서 배분하는 것으로 관찰되어 무엇보다도 조명의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 측벽 밀폐율에 따른 분뇨의 배분집적 높이는 50% 일 때 10cm, 75%는 5cm 그리고 100%일 때는 3 cm가 직접 되었으며, 폭은 각각 30 cm, 25 cm, 20 cm로 나타났다. 3. 돈방의 휴식공간에서의 암모니아 농도는 각 돈방 측벽의 배분율이 50%일 때 $4.2mg/{\ell}$, 75%는 $5.1mg/{\ell}$ 그리고 100%일 때 $5.8mg/{\ell}$그리고 100% 일 때 $5.8mg/{\ell}$으로 측정되어 돈방바닥면에 분뇨가 넓게 분포되는 100%일 때 암모니아의 농도가 가장 높았다. 이것을 배분습관과 연관되어 돈방내의 어두운 부분을 최소한 줄일 경우 휴식공간에서의 암모니아 농도는 줄일 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 4. 요인중 돼지의 휴식공간의 위치 영향에서 환경변인은 무엇보다도 공기유속인 등 하다. 겨울철에는 0.03 m/g 지점에서 휴식을 하였으며, 여름철에는 0.24 m/g 지점에서 휴식을 취하였다. 따라서 돼지의 휴식공간은 공기의 유속에 의한 영향이 매우 큰 것으로 관찰되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1414-1422
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• 2019

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adaptation time and inclusion level of sugar beet pulp (SBP) on nutrient digestibility and to evaluate the ileal amino acid digestibility of SBP fed to pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, thirty-six crossbred barrows ($85.0{\pm}2.1kg$) were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized design with six replicates per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal diet and 5 test diets containing 14.6%, 24.4%, 34.2%, 43.9%, or 53.7% SBP, respectively. The adaptation time consisted 7, 14, 21, or 28 d consecutively for each pig followed by 5 d for fecal collection. Feces were collected from d 8 to 13, d 15 to 20, d 22 to 27, and d 29 to 34, respectively. In Exp. 2, six pigs ($35.1{\pm}1.7kg$) with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum were fed to 3 diets in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with 3 periods and 2 replicate pigs per diet. Each period consisted 5 d for diet adaptation followed by 2 d for digesta collection. Results: The digestible energy (DE) value and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), ash, and organic matter in diets linearly decreased (p<0.05) as the adaptation time increased or as the dietary SBP increased, while the ATTD of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in diets linearly increased (p<0.01) as the dietary SBP increased. The DE value and the ATTD of GE and crude protein (CP) in SBP linearly increased (p<0.05) as the adaptation time increased, while the ATTD of CP in SBP linearly decreased (p<0.01) as the inclusion level increased. The standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp in SBP was 37.03%, 51.62%, 40.68%, and 46.22%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the ATTD of energy and nutrients were decreased as inclusion rate of SBP increased.