• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.253-259
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• 2003

In this paper, the scattered field from a Pierson-Moskowitz sea surface assumed as the PEC by the Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FDTD) method was computed. A one-dimensional surface used to analysis scattering was generated by using the Pierson-Moskowitz model. Back scattering coefficients are calculated with different values of the wind speed(U) which determine configuration of the Pierson-Moskowitz sea surface. The number of surface realization for the computed field, the point number, and the width of surface realization are set to be 50, 8192, and 128k, respectively. In order to verify the computed values these results are compared with those of small perturbation methods, which show good agreement between them.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.250-258
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• 2012

The distribution of wave heights is assumed to be a Rayleigh distribution, based on the assumption of a narrow band and Gaussian distribution of wave elevation. The present study was started with doubts about the narrow band assumption. We selected the wave spectra widely used to simulate irregular random waves. The wave spectra used in this study included the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, Bretschneider-Mitsuyasu spectrum, and JONSWAP spectrum. The directionality of the waves was considered. The cosine 2-l type directional spreading function and mixed form of the half-cosine 2-s type with Mitsuyasu type directional spreading are considered here to investigate the effects of a directional spreading function on random waves. The simulated wave height distribution is compared with a Rayleigh distribution.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1773-1779
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• 2015

Shore-to-sea visible light communication using color clustered multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) is presented. The proposed maritime visible light communication (MVLC) offers a low-cost, high-speed wireless link for shore-to-sea maritime communications. Each color cluster is comprised of 50 red, green and blue (RGB) light emitting diodes (LEDs) and is modulated using on-off-keying (OOK). Selection combining is performed at the receiver, producing diversity effect within that color cluster. In this paper, we employ sea states (wave height, wind speed, etc.) data from both Pierson-Moskowitz and JONSWAP spectrum models under atmospheric turbulence conditions. Based on the simulation model, the maritime link quality is analysed in terms of coverage distance and bit error rate performance. The results show that the proposed system provides an efficient MVLC, while satisfying International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) requirements for maritime buoyage system and also offering sufficient illumination from high power LEDs.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.514-520
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• 2015

This paper presents a novel shore-to-sea maritime data transmission system based on time-code diversity, using visible light in maritime environments to overcome the limitations of conventional maritime wireless communications. The proposed system is primarily comprised of existing LED-based lighthouses and maritime transceivers (marine beacons, buoys, etc.), and thus is considered cost-effective in terms of implementation. We first analyze maritime visible-light communications on the basis of the unique properties of a maritime environment, i.e. sea states (wave height, wind speed, etc.), plus atmospheric turbulence, using the Pierson-Moskowitz (PM) and JONSWAP (JS) spectrum models. It is found that the JS model outperforms the PM model, and that the coverage distance depends on the LED power and sea states. To combat maritime fading conditions that significantly degrade performance and coverage distance, we propose a time-code diversity (TCD) scheme in which the delayed versions of the original data are retransmitted using orthogonal Walsh codes. This TCD scheme is found to be superior, in that it offers three orders of magnitude in terms of BER performance, compared to a conventional (non-TCD) transmission scheme. The proposed scheme is robust and efficient in overcoming the effect of impairments present in maritime environments with a BER of approximately $10^{-5}$and a data rate of 100 Kbps at a distance of 1 km.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2013

This paper represents generation of time-varying underwater acoustic channels by performing scattering simulation with time-varying ocean surface and Kirchhoff approximation. In order to estimate the time-varying ocean surface, 1D Pierson-Moskowitz ocean power spectrum and Gaussian correlation function were used. The computed scattering coefficients are applied to the amplitudes of each impulse of BELLHOP simulation result. The scattering coefficients are then compared with measured doppler spectral density of signal components which were scattered from ocean surface and the correlation time used in the Gaussian correlation function was estimated by the comparison. Finally, bit-error-rate and channel correlation simulations were performed with the generated time-varying channel based on passive time-reversal communication scenario.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2005

This paper presents a Monte-Carlo FDTD technique to determine the scattered field from a perfectly conducting surface like a sea surface, from which the useful information on the incoherent pattern tendency could be observed. A one-dimensional sea surface used to analysis scattering was generated using the Pierson-Moskowitz model. In order to verify the numerical results by this technique, these results are compared with those of the small perturbation method, which show a good match between them. To investigate the incoherent pattern tendency involved, the dependence of the back scattering coefficients on the different wind speed(U) is discussed for the back scattering case.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.220-221
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• 2015

플로팅 건물의 변동 풍하중에 대한 시간이력응답을 통한 유효 Sampling의 영향을 분석하기 위하여 200개 풍 파랑 하중조합을 통해 시간이력 동수역학 해석을 수행하여, 유효 표본 Sampling을 선정하여 상부구조물의 고유주기를 변화하여 부분구조해석을 수행하였다. 풍하중은 평균 속력 35m/sec을 가진 von Karman의 변동풍속 파워스펙트럼으로 계산하여 입력하였고 입력 파랑은 Pierson-Moskowitz 스펙트럼으로 계산하여 파고 0.5m에 대하여 입력하였다. 각기 다른 고유주기를 가진 상부 구조물에 대하여 7개 그룹의 하중조합에 대한 유효 Sampling을 선정하여 SRSS와 평균값을 계산하였다. 해석 결과, 최소 7개 이상의 Sampling에 대한 해석이 요구되며 전반적으로 30개 Sampling을 통한 해석이 적절하다고 분석되었다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.38.1-38.1
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• 2011

This study investigates the effects of Pierson-Moskowitz, Jonswap spectrum that are typical irregular wave spectrums for wind turbine system with jacket support structure. Also various offshore environmental parameters based on korean local condition were used in our study. The loads acting on the system was considered by referring to the Design Load Case from IEC guide line. And improved von Karman model was used as a turbulence model. As a result, various significant wave height and peak spectral period cause noticeable difference of extreme and fatigue loads prediction.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.35-42
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• 1984

In this paper, the lateral motions of a ship in the time domain are treated by applying the Impulse Response Function Technique. The acceleration, and displacement of a ship in the time domain are needed for the purpose of such automatic controls as the fire control system and the auto-pilot of ocean-going vessels, etc. The response Amplitude Operators of a ship are calculated by the Strip Method of Salvesen-Tuck-Faltinsen, and the Pierson-Moskowitz Spectrum multiplied by spreading function is used to represent the short crested ocean waves. The ocean wave elevations in the time domain are simulated according to the Method of Borgman. Finally the rudder effect is considered by simply adding the force and moment due to the rudder to the wave exciting force. And the results of lateral motions with and without rudder are shown.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 2018

We propose an improved semi-empirical scattering model for X-band radar backscattering from rough sea surfaces. This new model has a wider validity range of wind speeds than does the existing semi-empirical sea spectrum (SESS) model. First, we retrieved the small-roughness parameters from the sea surfaces, which were numerically generated using the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum and measurement datasets for various wind speeds. Then, we computed the backscattering coefficients of the small-roughness surfaces for various wind speeds using the integral equation method model. Finally, the large-roughness characteristics were taken into account by integrating the small-roughness backscattering coefficients multiplying them with the surface slope probability density function for all possible surface slopes. The new model includes a wind speed range below 3.46 m/s, which was not covered by the existing SESS model. The accuracy of the new model was verified with two measurement datasets for various wind speeds from 0.5 m/s to 14 m/s.