• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.323-337
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• 2006

This work discussed the species composition, phylogeny, spatio-temporal distribution, ecology and natural history of North Korean Pinaceae or pine tree family, which seems to be important to maintain nature and ecosystem in the Korean Peninsula. Out of five genera and sixteen species of Pinaceae of the Korean Peninsula, North Korea contains four genera and eleven species of Pinaceae, including Pinus densilflora, P. koraiensis, P. pumila, Picea jezoensis, P. koraiensis, P. koraiensis var. koraiensis, P. pungsanensis, Larix gmelini, L. gmelinii var. olgensis, Abies holophylla and A. nephrolepis. In terms of phylogeny Pinus is closely related to Picea, and followed by Larix. Abies is close to Tsuga which only occur at Ullung Island. Distributional pattern of North Korean Pinaceae can be classified into four types; three species of nation-wide montane type i.e., Pinus densilflora, P. koraiensis and Abies holophylla, four species of central and northern subalpine type, i.e., Pinus pumila, Picea koraiensis, Larix gmelini and Abies nephrolepis, one nation-wide subalpine type, Picea jezoensis, and three species disjunctive to north type, i.e., Picea koraiensis var. koraiensis, P. pungsanensis, and Larix gmelinii var. olgensis. Pinaceae species occurring on the alpine and subalpine belts of North Korea, such as Pinus koraiensis, P. pumila, Picea jezoensis, P. koraiensis, P. koraiensis var. koraiensis, P. pungsanensis, Larix gmelini, L. gmelinii var. olgensis and A. nephrolepis are considered as the glacial descendant from the boreal region. Those species might have migrated from the north during the Pleistocene glacial epochs in search of favourable condition, and since the Holocene period they survived on the hostile alpine and subalpine environments, in which they are more competitive than warmth-tolerant temperate vegetation. Certain species, such as Picea pungsanensis, is segregated on the isolated mountains since the Pleistocene period, and forced to adapt to local environment, and eventually became an endemic species of North Korea. Recent rapid global warming trend especially in northern high mountains of North Korea could cause an unfavourable environment for the survival of cold-tolerant Pinaceae of the alpine and subalpine belts. Pinus densiflora, which is occurring on the montane belt might faced with difficulties due to both the deforestation and the outbreak of insect-borne disease, such as Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

• 한국생물환경조절학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물환경조절학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.139-143
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• 2004

To evaluate the biological and physiological response of Picea koraiensis Nakai to elevated $CO_2$ and nitrogen.3-year old seedlings were planted in an ambient and 700 ppm $CO_2$ at low (2mM $NH_4NO_3$) or high nitrogen (16mM $NH_4NO_3$) supplying treatments for 3 months. Photosynthetic parameters were measured monthly. Seedlings were harvested at monthly intervals and growth parameters of root system, stem and needle fractions were evaluated. The result showed that height of the seedlings grown at both of elevated $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen and elevated CO2×low nitrogen supplying treatments increased significantly more than that of at ambient CO2 treatments. Seedlings grown at elevated $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen produced more root biomass than at elevated $CO_2Xlow$ nitrogen and ambient $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen treatments. This result suggested that the root growth response of Picea koraiensis seedlings was greater in elevated $CO_2{\times}high$ nitrogen regime, which is very important for carbon sequestration in soil. $A_{max}$ of the seedlings grown at elevated $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen increased during the three months significantly, and $A_{max}$ of the seedlings grown at the other three treatments decreased significantly, suggesting that the interaction between elevated $CO_2$ and high nitrogen supplying stimulates the $A_{max}$ of Picea koraiensis. $A_{max}$ of the seedlings grown at elevated $CO_2Xlow$ nitrogen showed higher than other three treatments in the first month of the experiment, but decreased in succedent two months, suggesting that elevated $CO_2$ promotes the photosynthesis of the seedlings. However long term growth in elevated $CO_2Xlow$ nitrogen supplying condition resulted in an acclimatory decreased in leaf photosynthesis.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 1982

현행(現行)의 형태학적수목분류법(形態學的樹木分類法)에 계획적특성(計劃的特性)을 이용(利用)한 소위(所謂) 판별분석법(判別分析法)에 의(依)할 독일(獨逸)가문비(Picea abies(L.) Karsten)와 종비나무(樅榧)(Picea koraiensis Nak.)와의 분류시험(分類試驗)을 실시(實施)하고 그 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)한다. 1) 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서 얻은 판별식(判別式)과 판별영역(判別領域)은, Z(x)=Z($x_1,\;x_2$)=$0.000379x_1+0.004354x_2-0.311061$ 또는 Z(x)=Z($x_1,\;x_2$)=$0.000379(x_1-60.4428)+0.004354(x_2-66.1851)$, $$R_1=\{x{\mid}0.000379x_1+0.004354x_2-0.311061{\geq_-}0\}$$, $R_2$={$x{\mid}0.000379x_1+0.004354x_2-0.311061$ <0)} 또는 $$R_1=\{x{\mid}0.000379(x_1-60.4428)+0.004354(x_2-66.1851){\geq_-}0%\}$$, $R_2$={$x{\mid}0.000379(x_1-60.4428)+0.004354(x_2-66.1851)$ <0}. 2) 위의 판별영역(判別領域)에 의(依)한 오판율(誤判率)(오분류확율(誤分類確率))은, P($2{\mid}1$)=($P1{\mid}2$)=0.444로서, P($2{\mid}1$)와 P($P1{\mid}2$)의 동시오판율(同時誤判率)은 P=44.4%. 3) 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서 얻은 판별식(判別式)에 의(依)한 오판율(誤判率)은 상당(相當)히 높게 나타났지만 그의 정도(精度)보다는 오히려 판별(判別)에 대(對)한 신뢰도(信賴度)를 알 수 있다는데 보다 큰 의의(意義)가 있는 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

소련의 시베리아 지방(地方)에서 생육(生育)하고 있는 주요(主要) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)인 가문비나무(Picea jezoensis), 북양전나무(Abies sachaliensis), 잣나무 (Pinus karaiensis), 구주소나무(Pinus sylvetris) 및 북양낙엽송 (Larix gmelini)에 대하여 가도관(假導管)의 길이, 그리고 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이와 밀도(密度)의 출현상태(出現狀態) 및 변이(變異)를 조사하였으며 그것을 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 가도관(假導管)의 길이는 잣나무가 가장 길며(평균 $3550{\mu}$), 그 다음이 북양전나무와 북양낙엽송(각각 $3440{\mu}$)이고, 가문비나무가 약 $2900{\mu}$으로 가장 짧았다. 또한 한국산(韓國産) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)보다 다소 긴 경향(傾向)이 있다. 2) 일반적(一般的)으로 가도관(假導管)의 길이는 심재부(心材部)보다도 변재부(邊材部)에서, 또한 조재부(早材部)보다도 만재부(晩材部)에서 더 긴 경향(傾向)을 나타내고 있다. 3) 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이는 북양낙엽송이 가장 높고(14.5세포고(細胞高)), 그 다음이 가문비나무와 구주소나무(약 13.5세포고(細胞高))이며, 잣나무가 9.7세포고(細胞高)로 가장 낮았으며, 한국산(韓國産) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)보다는 높은 경향(傾向)이 있었다. 4) 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이는 수심부(髓心部)에 가까운 젊은 영계(令階)에서는 낮고 수피부(樹皮部)로 향(向)하여 높아지는 경향이 있다. 5) 횡단면(橫斷面)에서 접선방향(接線方向) 1mm내(內)에 함유(含有)되는 방사조직밀도(放射組織密度)는 북양낙엽송과 가문비나무가 7.9와 8.3개(個)로 가장 많으며, 북양전나무가 7.1, 그리고 잣나무와 구주 소나무가 6.1~6.2개(個)로 가장 적었다.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.259-265
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• 2008

Picea koraiensis, called Korean spruce, is an evergreen tree and found mostly in northeast Asia. In this study, plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from open-pollinated immature zygotic embryos of nine geno-types of elite trees was established. Immature zygotic embryos were cultured onto RJW medium modified from 505 medium with $21.48{\mu}M$ NAA, $2.22{\mu}M$ BA, and $2.32{\mu}M$ KT. The average frequency for all nine genotypes was 74.2%. Embryogenic calluses of the nine genotypes of elite trees were subcultured on RJW basal medium containing $8.06{\mu}M$ NAA, $1.11{\mu}M$ BA, and $1.16{\mu}M$ kinetin. The calluses of three lines, $3^{\sharp}$, $9^{\sharp}$, and $2^{\sharp}$, were actively proliferated but others were not. Somatic embryogenesis was induced from the embryogenic callus in genotypes of $3^{\sharp}$, $9^{\sharp}$, and $2^{\sharp}$ on RJW medium with ABA and $60g\;l^{-1}$ sucrose. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were subjected to a drying process. The drying of embryos by uncapping the culture bottle for 5 days on a clean bench resulted in a high frequency of germination of somatic embryos (87% in RJW medium). However, plantlet conversion from germinated embryos was greatly reduced and the optimal medium for plant conversion was 1/2 WPM or 1/2 BMI medium. In conclusion, we have, for the first time, established a plant regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis in the Korean spruce, which can be applied for rapid micropropagation of elite trees.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제81권4호
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• pp.310-319
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• 1992

백두산(白頭山) 삼림군집(森林群集)의 구조(構造) 및 종(種) 조성(組成)과 입지(立地)와의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 TWINSPAN과 DCCA를 사용(使用)여 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 중요치(重要値)가 높은 종(種)은 해발(海拔) 1,700m-1,950m 대(帶)에 서 Betula ermanii, Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis 등(等)의 순(順)이고, 해발(海拔) 1,300-1,500m 대(帶)에서 Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Betula mandshurica, Picea jezoensis 등(等)의 순(順)이다. 삼림토양(森林土壤)은 유효인산량(有效燐酸量)에서 7ppm-1,153ppm으로 과대치를 보이고 있다. 백두산(白頭山)의 삼림군집(森林群集)과 해발고(海拔高)와의 관계를 살펴보면, 해발고(海拔高)가 높은 곳에서 낮은 곳으로 덤불오리나무, 사스래나무, 만주잎갈나무, 분비나무, 가문비나무, 잣나무, 신갈나무군집(群集) 등(等)의 순(順)으로 분포(分布)하고 있다. 사스래나무군락(群落)이 우점(優占)한 곳을 중심(中心)으로 사스래나무, 만주잎갈나무, 분비나무 사이의 관계(關係)을 살펴보면, 사스래나무군집(群集)은 해발고(海拔高)가 가장 높은 곳에, 사스래나무-만주잎갈나무군집(群集)은 유기물함량(有機物含量)과 $K^+$의 함량이 많은 곳에, 분비나무군집(群集)은 $Mg^{{+}{+}}$와 $Ca^{{+}{+}}$의 함량(含量)이 많은 곳에 주로 분포(分布)하고 있다. 군집(群集) 분포(分布)에 영향(影響)을 미치는 주요(主要) 환경요인(環境要因)은 해발고(海拔高)이다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.525-534
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• 2012

This study was conducted to classify community and verify vegetation structure of Picea jezoensis community in subalpine zone of Mt. Kyebang, Mt. Jiri, Mt. Deogyu, 39 releves set up and was carried out to analyze ordination. P. jezoensis Community was classified into Acer ukurunduense subcommunity, Quercus mongolica subcommunity, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica subcommunity and P. jezoensis typical subcommunity. The order of important value of the forest community with DBH 2cm above plants was P. jezoensis (89.22), Acer komarovii (30.50), Abies koreana (18.81), Rhododendron schlippenbachii (18.10), Sorbus commixta (17.19), Betula ermanii (16.89), Pinus koraiensis (16.80), Taxus cuspidata (12.45), Acer ukurunduense (11.73). The DBH analysis suggests that P. jezoensis will maintain dominant position.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.185-193
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• 1984

Regneration process of Abies koreana-Pinus koraiensis community consisted of a subalpione coniferous forest in Mt. Jiri, Korea, was studied in relation to age structure, especially to gap formation. The tall-tree layer (ca. 6.5m) is dominated by Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis, while lower layer by the sapling and juveniles of A. koreana and Picea jezoensis below 2m tall. The ranges of DBH in A. koreana, P. koraiensis and P. jezonesis were 11.8cm~26.4m, 11.7cm~24.5 cm and 18.2cm~21.7 cm, respectively. The trees below 130 cm tall had contagious distribution, while tall and subtall trees had uniform distribution. The average tree ages of A. koreana, P. koraieniensis and P. jezoensis were 60~70 years, 70~80 years and 70~90 years, respectively. The saplings and juveniles below 20 years in tree ages were occupied over 80% of total trees. The coniferous trees in the gaps or around dead trees were composed of sapligs and juveniles which had emerged or invaded about 20 years before and after the gap formation. The Betula type regeneration of the coniferous forest took place in gaps which orginated from the failing down of a single or a few trees by longevity. Accordingly, it is clear that the subalpine coniferous forest composed of A. koreana of A. koreana, P. koraiensis and P. jezoensis in Mt. jiri was supporting by the regeneration pattern of Betula type.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제80권2호
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• pp.237-245
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• 1991

인공산성우처리가 몇 침엽수종의 발아와 묘목생장에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자, 혼합토양을 채운 polt에 5 수종의 종자를 파종하고 황산을 지하수로 묽힌 pH 3.0, 4.0 및 5.0의 인공산성우와 지하수를 주 3회, 매회 5mm씩 1990년 4월 초순부터 10월 초순까지 처리하였으며, 발아율 및 생장을 측정하여 처리간 비교분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 낙엽송과 종비나무는 pH 5.0 처리구에서, 젓나무와 삼나무는 대조구에서, 구상나무 는 pH 3.0 처리구에서 각각 발아율 및 득묘율이 가장 높았다. 2. 묘고생장에 있어서 낙엽송에서는 처리간 고도의 통계적 유의성이 인정되었으나, 다른 수종들에서는 통계적 유의성이 안정되지 않았다. 낙엽송, 구상나무 및 종비나무는 pH 4.0 처리구에서, 젓나무와 삼나무는 pH 5.0 처리구에서 각각 묘고가 가장 크게 나타났다. 3. 개체당 건중량에서 낙엽송과 젓나무에서는 고도의 통계적 유의성이 인정되었으나, 구상나무, 종비나무 및 삼나무에서는 통계적 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 낙엽송과 구상나무는 pH 4.0 처리구에서, 젓나무와 삼나무는 pH 3.0 처리구에서, 종비나무는 대조구에서 각각 최대건중량을 보였다. 4. 처리산성우의 pH값이 작아질수로 피해가 나타난 침엽의 수 및 개체수가 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 5. 토양산도는 모든 수종에서 처리간 고도의 통계적 유의성이 인정되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2013

To understand natural regeneration and stand development after fire in mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests of Sikhote-Alin Mountains, ten sample plots of $50m{\times}50m$ size were established in 1975 and 1983 at the stands burned by wildfires in 1973 and 1982, respectively. And, the number of naturally regenerated seedlings were monitored in two $50m{\times}4m$ subplots in each plot. The most fire-sensitive conifer species is Abies nephrolepis, while Betula costata is the most fire-sensitive broadleaved tree species. The most fire-resistant species were Q. mongolica, T. taquetii and A. mono. The results of 20 and 30 years after the fire showed that pioneer tree species, e.g. Populus, Salix, and Betula, were regenerated immediately at the early stage of stand development and grew where there is a mono canopy layer with high density. On the other hand, the densities of successors, e.g. Pinus koraiensis, Picea jezoensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono and Tilia taquetii, which were present in the study plots before the fire, increased gradually. Naturally regenerated tree species after forest fire by the growth rate were divided into three groups according to their annual height growth. The seral tree species (Betula costata, Betula platyphylla, Padus maackii, Populus tremula and Sarix caprea) belong to the first group and have the highest growth rate (from 40 to 96 cm per year). The late successional broad-leaved trees (Tilia taquetii, Acer mono and Quercus mongolica) belong to the second group and have intermediate annual height growth (from 3.7 to 13.5 cm per year). The late successional coniferous species (Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis) form the third group and have the least annual height growth (from 1.4 to 3.5 cm per year).