• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.2
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• pp.124-135
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• 2020

Alder (Alnus japonica) forests are representative of the wetland in East Asia, including Korea. In the past, alder forests were relatively common in various habitats such as mountains, riversides, back marshes, and alluvial plains. However, this plant community has recently become rare due to increasingly arid habitats and the influence of various land uses. In this study, we identify the synecological characteristics of alder (A. japonica) forests distributed naturally in the mountainous wetlands of Korea and provide basic data for their systematic conservation and management in the future. Based on vegetation survey data collected from 66 alder forests, community types were classified using the methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School of Phytosociology and two-way indicator species analysis. There were eight community types: Styrax obassia, Weigela subsessilis-Fraxinus mandschurica, Spiraea fritschiana, Viola verecunda, Impatiens textori-Spiraea salicifolia, Glyceria leptolepis, Molinia japonica, and Lindera obtusiloba-Quercus acutissima. These community types constituted a vegetation unit hierarchy of two communities, four subcommunities, and eight variants. In addition, the ecological characteristics of each community type were compared (including total coverage per 100 square meter, importance value index, constancy class, life-form composition, diversity indices, community similarity coefficient, and indicator species).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.695-707
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• 2019

This study was intended to suggest the appropriate vegetation management methodology by analyzing phytosociology for ecotourism resources. We carried out the classification and interpretation of the vegetation structure and the analysis of the relationship between communities and environmental conditions in Pocheon valley, Mt. Gaya. The vegetation in Pocheon valley was composed of 5 communities: Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community, Larix kaempferi-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, and Salix gracilistyla-Phragmites japonica community. The Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community was further segmented into two types according to the differences of composition species and location of habitats. The methodologies that satisfy both the use of nature for ecotourism resources and the sustentation of natural vegetation are as follows: - maintenance the present vegetation (dominance species) by strictly avoiding artificial management in the tree layer; - maintenance of the existing vegetation structure through the artificial management of the usual vigorous tree species when the species in the shrub layer grow up to the subtree layer; and - continued artificial management to maintain high balanced diversity and evenness of various species in shrub and herb layers.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2001

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the oak (Quercus spp). forests on Mts. Kaya, Bisul, Unmun and Kaji in southern Kyongpook Province, Korea by using a reciprocal averaging method (RA ordination) and the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. A temporary vegetation table was prepared by the RA ordination. The diagnostic species of the Quercus forests derived from the ordination were compared with the characteristic and differential species of the existing phytosociological vegetation units of the other mountainous areas of Korea. As a result, the forest vegetation was classified into the next vegetation units: Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968; Acero-Quercetalia mongolicae Song 1988; Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicae Song 1988, 1. Stephanandra incisa-Quercus mongolica community 1-1 Sasa borealis subcommunity, 1-2 Disporum smilacinum subcommunity; Lespedezo-Quercion serratae Takeda et al. 1994, 2. Spodiopogon sibiricus-Quercus serrata community. The Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicae and the Lespedezo-Quercion serratae correspond to the cool-temperate forests of the northern type and the southen type (Honda 1922), respectively, in the Korean Peninsula. Also some phytosociological problems in Korea were discussed here in detail from the floristic viewpoint in the present study.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.407-421
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• 2000

The forest vegetation surrounding Taegu area was investigated by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology, from September, 1994 to August, 1997. The forest vegetation was classified into 7 communities, 8 subcommunities and 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community (Typical subcommunity, Carex siderosticta subcommunity), Quercus variabilis community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus dentate community, Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community (Typical subcommunity, Quercus serrata subcommunity, Cornus controversa subcommunity), Pinus densiflora community (Typical subcommunity, Sanguisorba officinalis subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Lespedeza maximowiczii-Rhododendron mucronulatum community , Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Larix leptolepis afforestation, Pinus thunbergii afforestation, Pinus koraiensis afforestation. The differential species of the Quercus mongolica community were Quercus mongolica, Athyrium yokoscense, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Weigela subsessilis, and Melampyrum roseum, those of the Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community were Acer mono, Carpinus cordata, Carpinus laxiflora, and Staphylea bumalda, those of the Pinus densiflora community were Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Cocculus trilobus, and Juniperus rigida. Constance degree of the Quercus serrate was especially high in shrub and herb layers of the Pinus densiflora community. The results of factor analysis by DCA showed that distribution pattern of the communities were similar to that by Z-M method and that communities were arranged according to soil moisture gradient. Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity of the P. densiflora community and the Typical subcommunity of the Q. mongolica community were distributed in similar environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2009

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the forest vegetation located in the whole area of Mt. Boryeonsan in Noeunmyeon, Chungju city, Chungcheongbuk Province, Korea using the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. The forest vegetation was classified into one Larix leptolepis afforestation, five secondary communities including Qurecus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus aliena community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabilis community and one association, Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae Song et al. 1999(Rhododendro schlippenbachii-Quercion mongolicae, Aceri pseudosieboldiani-Quercetalia mongolicae, Quercetea mongolicae). The research expatiated on the relationship between species composition of the forest communities and the environmental conditions, such as human interference, altitude, slope, topography and chemical properties of soil, and also analyzed the life form by each community. As a result, the Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae was judged as the most stable community among the forest communities identified here. On the other hand, a division of cluster analysis based on the dominance of the component species, appeared similar to the community units classified phytosociologically. Thus, it is inferred that the survey area will be dominated by the potential natural vegetation, Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae finally, if progressive succession is advanced continuously.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-87
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• 1995

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the Quercus mongolica forest on Mt. Sobaek (36°50'∼ 37°07'N, 128°25'∼ 128°35'E), Korea by a reciprocal averaging methol (RA ordination) and the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. Atemporal vegetation tabel was prepared by the RA ordination. As a result it showed that the RA ordination on the first axis is very applicable for selecting the character and differential species of vegetation units of the Quercus mongolica forest. The phytosociological investigations were carried out in 34 stands on the mountain. The field data obtained were classified by the tabel comparison method. For the establishment of new vegetation units, the floristic composition of the Quercus mongolica forest was compared with those of the other vegetation units of the Mt. Sobaek, Considering the candidates of the character and differential species derived from RA ordination. As the result, the forest vegetation was classified into the following vegetation units; Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968 Acero-Quercetalia mongolicas Song 1988 em. Takeda et al.1994 Lindero-Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990 1. Lindero-Quercetum mongolicae assoc. nov. 1-1. quercetosum serratae subassoc. nov 1-2. typicum subassoc. nov. Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicas Song 1988 em. Takeda et al. 1994. It is inferred that the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae and the Rhododendro-Quercion mongolicae corresponded to the cool-temperate forests of central and northern areas, respectively, in Korean Peninsula. Syntaxonomical synonyms were also rearranged based on the result of the present study. On the other hand, the RA ordination of stands and species on the first and second axes revealed some environmental gradients such as altitute, human impact and species richness between the vegetation units. However, the RA ordinations is considered to be less indicative for the gradients of the lower vegetation units than association. With the present study. some phytosociological problems in Korea were discussed here in detail from the floristic viewpoint.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2005

The forest vegetation of Namhae-gun was investigated using the methodology of the Z.-M. school of phytosociology from March, 1998 to September, 2003. The forest vegetation was classified into 12 communities, 11 subcommunities, 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Ouercus serrata community(typical subcommunity, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum subcommunity), Ouercus variablis community(typical subcommunity, Platycarya strobilacea subcommunity), Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Carpinus coreans community, Styrax japonica community, Zelkova serrata community, Corylopsis coreana community, Pinus densiflora community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron mucronulatum subcommunity, Carpinus laxiflora subcommunity), Pinus thunbergii community(typical subcommunity, Eurya Japonica subcommunity), Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense community, Chamaecyparis obtusa afforestation, Alnus firma afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. The soil pH of the study area was ranged from 4.2 to 5.4, and soil moisture content was strongly related to organic matter content. The Corylopsis coreana community contained the highest soil moisture content, whereas Pinus densiflora community contained the lowest one. The content of organic matter were $15.8\sim19.1%$ in the Quercus mongolica, Carpinus coreans and Ouercus serrata communities, $3.3\sim5.4%$ in the Quercus acutissima, Corylopsis coreana and Pinus thunbergii communities, and $2.8\sim5.6%$ in the Pinus rigida and Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. There is significant correlation among the contents of cations($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.521-529
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• 2006

This study was carried out to classify all forest vegetation types in Ulleung Island, Korea using the methodology of the Z.-M. school's phytosociology, and map out the spatial distribution patterns of those vegetation types. The forest vegetation was classified into the mountain forest type (Acer okamotoanum community group) and maritime forest type (Artemisia scoparia community group). Vegetation units at the community level were divided into three categories; six communities, sixteen groups, and seven subgroups, giving a total of 22 communities. Total area for mapping was 5,544.9 ha, of which Fagus engleriana community accounted for 1,952 ha (35.2%), Hedera rhambea community ror 1,196 ha (21.6%), Camellia japonica community for 1,104 ha (19.9%), Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula community for 612 ha (11.0%), Aster spathulifolius community for 506 ha (9.1%), and Tsuga sieboldii - Pinus parviflora community for 174 ha (3.1%). According to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), variables such as $Mg^{2+}$, pH, $Ca^{2+}$ were positively correlated in maritime vegetation types, and variables such as total nitrogen, carbon content, C/N ratio and ration exchange capacity (CEC) were highly correlated in mountain vegetation types, respectively. The sea level and the slope direction were not showing regular trend as a factor to decide on species diversity, evenness and richness in this research area. But it seems to be affected by topography, slope degree and dominance vegetation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.516-529
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• 2021

Coniferous forests in the Baekdudaegan protected area are gradually losing their landscape diversity and uniqueness along with their ecological stability due to changes in vegetation composition and structures caused by various disturbance factors, such as climate change, vegetation succession, and human interference. This study provides basic data for establishing a comprehensive conservation plan for coniferous forests in the Baekdudaegan protected area. We classified the vegetation unit types using the Zurich-Montpellier School of Phytosociology and two-way indicator species analysis methods and analyzed the species diversity and structural characteristics based on the vegetation information of 755 stands collected in the natural resources change survey of the Baekdudaegan mountains (2016 to 2020) by the Korea Forest Service. Therefore, the vegetation of the coniferous forests of theBaekdudaegan protected area was classified into 15 types under the vegetation unit hierarchy of two community groups, four communities, seven sub-communities, and 14 variants. Furthermore, we compared the total coverage among vegetation types, importance values, constancy classes, life-forms, and diversity indices. Additionally, the average total coverage and number of species per 100 m² of all coniferous forests were 232% and 21 species, respectively, with the species diversity and dominance indices averaging 1.907 and 0.222, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.277-289
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• 2019

This study was designed to analyze vegetation units using a phytosociological method and to identify the ecological characteristics of each vegetation unit, for forest vegetation from Misiryeong to Danmokryeong of Baekdudaegan, in which, in total, 150 plots were surveyed during May to October 2016. Using community classification according to phytosociology, the Quercus mongolica community group was classified at the top level of a vegetation hierarchy that was classified into an Abies koreana community and a Carpinus cordata community. The A. koreana community was divided into Thuja koraiensis and A. koreana typical groups. The T. koraiensis group was subdivided into Pinus pumila and Betula chinensis subgroups. The C. cordata community was divided into Sasa borealis and C. cordata typical groups. Thus, this forest vegetation comprised one community group, two communities, four groups, and two subgroups and indicated five vegetation units. After analyzing the correlations among the five vegetation units classified by this plant sociological method and the environmental factors like altitude, bare rock, number of present species, and coverage of tree layer with a coincidence method, the A. koreana community and C. cordata typical group were found to be distributed above 1,000 m in altitude, and the S. borealis group was distributed below 1,000 m in altitude. Except for vegetation unit 1, vegetation units tended to be mainly distributed where there was less than 20% bare rock. There was no typical tendency in the number of species present; vegetation unit 5 showed the most abundance among the vegetation units. Coverage by the tree layer mostly exceeded 60%, except for vegetation unit 1.