• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume II
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• pp.529-532
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• 2006

The oceanic currents in the South China Sea (SCS) are strongly influenced by monsoon winds. A review on the SCS currents has indicated that previous studies have pointed out an anticyclonic circulation in the area between the southern Vietnam coast and the Spratly Islands. However, its detail is not understood because of less information of in situ observations. The physical-biological interaction is quite new research area, which has been established and promoted by means of the ocean color remote sensing. Temporal/spatial variability of the phytoplankton activities are well captured by ocean color (OC) -derived Chlorophyll-a images. Combining the OC-Chl-a and the other high-resolution satellite data (e.g., SST images), the biological aspects of oceanographic variation is well described. The blooming phenomena in the area between the southern Vietnam coast and the Spratly islands are further investigated. Change in the wind-system related to the El Nino generates upwelling/SST-cooling in the sea south of the Spratly Islands through the air-sea-land interaction was studied. The seasonal upwelling is also associated with the harmful algal bloom (HAB) off two side of Indochina Peninsula have investigated. The seasonal variation of SCS phytoplankton blooming and related oceanic conditions in Vietnam coast was observed. Ocean color satellite data has effective contribute to study the oceanic condition and phytoplankton blooming in South China Sea.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.231-235
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• 2005

The European Iron Fertilization Experiment EIFEX studied the growth and decline of a phytoplankton bloom stimulated by fertilising $10km^2$ in the core of a mesoscale $(80{\times}120km)$ cyclonic eddy south of the Antarctic Polar Front with about 2 times 7 tonnes of iron sulphate. The phytoplankton accumulation induced by iron fertilization did not exceed $3{\mu}g\;chl\;a\;l^{-1}$ despite a draw down of $5{\mu}M$ of nitrate that should have resulted in at least double to triple the amount of phytoplankton biomass assuming regular Redfield-ratios for draw down after phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean. During EIFEX the fertilized core of the mesoscale eddy evolved to a hotspot for a variety of small and medium sized mesozooplankton copepods. In contrast to copepods, the biomass of salps (Salpa thompson)) that dominated zooplankton biomass before the onset of our experiment decreased to nearly extinction. Most of the species of the rnosozooplankton community showed extremely hiか feeding rates compared to literature values from Southern Ocean summer communities. At the end of the experiment, massive phytoplankton sedimentation reached the sea floor at about 3800m water depth.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2006

Seasonal changes of abundance of the main phytoplankton groups of species (diatoms, dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, small flagellates and cryptophytes) and a set of environmental parameters were investigated in coastal and pre-estuarine waters of Peter the Great Bay (East/Japan Sea) in May-October of 1998 and 1999. Three periods of mass development were revealed: spring, summer and autumn blooms, with successive change of species. The conditions favourable for each group of species were determined. Driving mechanisms of the succession include nutrients transport through seasonal pycnocline by turbulent mixing, terrestrial nutrients supply by monsoon floods, nutrients supply by upwellings, and light control by the thickness of upper mixed layer. Summer succession could be explained by a simple SST-MLD diagram similar to Pingree S-kh diagram with sea surface temperature as indicator of stratification (S) and mixed layer depth as indicator of light availability (kh).

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.78-86
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• 1997

시화 방조제 건설 후 급속도로 오염되고 있는 시화호 내의 식물플랑크톤 대증식 현상을 파악하기 위하여 1995년 10월부터 1996년 8월까지 시화호 내외에서 환경요인들과 식물플랑크톤 chlorophyll-a, 현존량, 우점종, 일차생산력 등을 4계절 조사하였다. 시화호는 부영양화된 기수호의 성격을 띄고 있으며 저층에는 밀도가 높은 잔류해수가 남아있다. 시화호의 표층에서 육상으로부터 유입된 오염된 하천수의 영향으로 chlorophyll-a 농도가 평균 168.0 ${\mu}g\;l^{-1}$에 이르는 식물플랑크톤 대증식 현상이 연중 지속적으로 일어났다. 식물플랑크톤의 대증식은 추계와 동계에는 돌말류 Cyclotella atomus 에 의해 주로 일어났고, 춘계와 하계에는 와편모류 Prorocentrum minimum 등과 황갈조류 등에 의해 일어났다. 시화호 바깥해역에서도 시화호수의 방류로 통계에서 하계에 걸쳐 돌말류 Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros sp. 등에 의해 대증식이 계속 일어났다. 시화호의 식물플랑크톤에 의한 일차생산력은 연평균 3,972 mgC $m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$로 높게 일어났다. 그러나 일차생산력의 대부분은 표층에서의 높은 광흡수로 수심 3 m 내로 국한되고, 추계와 동계에는 규산염이 제한요인으로 작용하여 더 이상 높게 나타나지 못하였다. 저층에서는 광제한 등으로 광합성 작용이 거의 없었고, 표층에서 떨어진 유기물이 분해되어 산소가 고갈되는 양상을 보였다.

• ALGAE
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects that hydraulic-gun-aerators have on cyanobactedial bloom in Sayeon Dam Reservoir in Ulsan City, Korea. A total of nine hydraulic-gun-aerators are in operation at the reservoir withe 100 m spacing between each aerator to control severe cyanobacterial bloom in the dam reservoir. The field studies were performed an total four times at two sampling stations in the reservoir from July to August in 2001. The standing crops of phytoplankton did not changed significantly by the operation. The cell concentration of the cyanobacteria at the surface layer were reduced about 10%, which is a poor result for the dispersing cyandobacteria deeper into the water. The average surface temperature during the study was reduced by 2.0$^{\circ}C$ by the hydraulic-gun-aerators. The effect of the operation on the vertical distribution of DO concentration was clear. However, the hydraulic-gun-aerators were not expected to have an effect in the lowest layer of the hypolimnion. In the study, it was proposed that installation distance between each hydraulic-gun-aerator would be proper when they are apart about 120 m based on DO depth profiles.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.641-647
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• 2013

We installed mesocosms including zooplankton, fishs, artificial marshy land and aquatic macrophytes in Kyoungan stream to study the reduction effects of algae from Sep. 16 to Oct. 28, 2011. The control tendency of phytoplankton taxa was compared by analyzing community structure and dominant species in each mesocosm. Under the condition where Bluegill was absent, Daphnia similoides showed good effect of algal control since it has large food area and has high grazing pressure. Bluegill selectively preys upon large zooplankton, Daphnia similoides, as it also preys on small zooplanktons that flow in. In condition that Bluegill was absent, Daphnia similoides preyed selectively large phytoplankton (Cryptomonas ovata). Due to the shading of light, removal of nutrients and providing refuge for small zooplanktons, aquatic macrophytes and artificial marshy land showed high level of algal control. In corrals with aquatic macrophytes and artificial marshy land, the dominancy of genus Coelastrum and Pediastrum, which are difficult for small zooplanktons to feed on, relatively increased. In conclusion, under conditions of small number of predators such as Bluegill, Daphnia similoides is thought to be useful in algal bloom; however, when lots of predators are present, using small sized zooplanktons along with artificial marshy land and aquatic macrophytes is thought to be more useful than using large zooplanktons.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2000

The dynamics of water quality and phytoplankton population had examined by monthly sampling from the upper to the lower part of watergate in an artificial Shihwa Reservoir in which situated near newly cities and incustrial complex on the west coast of Korea from January 1997 to December 1998. Among environmental factors, yearly average concentration of chl-a, TN and TP seemed to eutrophic or hypertrophic conditions that ranged 146.4~245.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 1.6~2.7 mg N/$\ell$, 258~448 $\mu\textrm{g}$ P/$\ell$, 26.9~80.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 1.0~2.4 mgN/$\ell$ and 74~239 $\mu\textrm{g}$P/$\ell$ respectively. Water quality was extremely deteriorated to consistently accumulation into inner reservoir by load of pollutants from autochthonous and allochthonous until early July 1997 after embankment. Water pollution of Shihwa Reservoir was remarkble on the biological condition with largely persistent bloom of phytoplankton and increase rate of standing crops was 2.4/yr. The development trend of phytoplankton in water ecosystem were closely related to increse and decrease of physico-chemical factors and those scale seemed to control by nutrient contents. Inflow of seawater into reservoir to object of repair of water quality. As to see dominant species, composition of those composed to mostly freshwater algae before inflow of seawater such as Selenastrum capricornutum of green algae, cyclotella atomus, C. meneghiniana of diatom and Microcystis spp. of blue-green algae and the other hand brackish algae were dominated after inflow of seawater such as Chaetoceros dicipiens, Skeletonema costatum of diatom, Dinophysis acuminata, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, G. sanguineum, Gyrodinium spirale, Prorocentrum minmum of dinoflagellate and Eutreptiella gymnastica of euglenoid. Moreover, small flagellates including Chroomonas spp. of cryptomonad were abundant throughout the year. The cause of water deterioration during fill of the freshwater were complexly supported with extra and intra parameters. The variation pattern of phytoplankton were related to water temperature and salinity by inflow of seawater based to plentiful nutrients. The dynamics of phytoplankton were assessed to ecosystem that clearly condition of dominant by unique or a few angel species seasonally.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2007

본 연구는 마산만의 적조원인 식물플랑크톤의 천이와 대발생 변화 양상을 밝히고자 이 지역을 대표할 수 있는 1개 정정에서 2003년 11월부터 2004년 10월까지 강우와 연평균 기온차를 포함한 기후학적 요인, 물리 화학적 요인 그리고 식물플랑크톤 군집을 조사하였다. 영양염은 타해역과 비교하였을 때, 암모니아염은 높은 농도를 보였으나, 질산염은 비슷한 농도를 보였다. 그리고 규산염은 타 해역에 비해 낮은 농도를 보였으며, 인산염은 빈영양 수역에 포함될 정도로 낮은 농도를 보여 식물플랑크톤 성장의 제한요소로 작용하였다. 식물플랑크톤 현존량의 탄소량은 2003년 동계와 2004년 하계에, 엽록소-${\alpha}$는 2003년 늦은 추계부터 동계까지 그리고 2004년 하계에 높게 나타나 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 개체수는 2003년 동계와 2004년 추계에 높았다. 조사기간 동안 출현한 식물플랑크톤은 총 78종으로 동정되었으며, 이 중 우점종은 규조류 Skeletonema costatum, Cylindrotheca closterium, 와편모조류 Heterocapsa triquetra, Prorocentrum minimum, P. triestinum, 침편모조류 Heterosigma akashiwo로 나타났다. 우점종의 계절적 변화 양상을 살펴보면 P. minimum은 늦은 추계부터 동계까지, H. triquetra는 늦은 동계에 우점하였다. P. triestinum은 늦은 춘계부터 이른 하계까지, H. akashiwo는 춘계부터 조금 높은 경향을 보이다가 늦은 하계에 C. closterium이 그리고 S. costatum은 추계에 가장 우점하였다. CCA 분석결과, 개체수로 표현되는 현존량은 규조류와 관계가 있으며, 환경요인 중에서 수온, 질산염과 인산염의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 탄소량과 엽록소-${\alpha}$로 표현되는 현존량은 규조류 뿐만 아니라 와편모조류와 침편모조류와 관계가 있으며, 염분, 규산염과 인산염의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 조사기간을 포함한 최근 6년 동안의 기온의 상승에 따른 수온의 상승은 동계 적조를 발생시키는 원인이 되었다. 또한, 동계 적조에 따른 영양염 고갈과 춘계의 강우량 감소에 따른 영양염 공급의 제한은 마산만에서 상습적으로 발생되는 춘계 적조의 발생을 억제하였을 것으로 판단된다. 결과적으로 2004년도의 전형적인 대발생 양상의 변화는 수온의 상승과 강우량의 감소가 중요한 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 추정된다.

• ALGAE
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2005

Daily variation of phytoplankton community and environmental parameters were investigated at the lower Nakdong River (Mulgum) from January 2002 to December 2003 to investigate the dynamics of a phytoplankton community in detail. The daily results of water quality in this investigation showed pH (8.1 $\pm$ 0.7), DO (10.3 $\pm$ 2.7 $mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$), water temp. (18.8 $\pm$ 7.4°C), BOD (2.4 $\pm$ 1.0 $mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$), COD (5.3 $\pm$ 1.2 $mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$) and chl. a (43.5 $\pm$ 35.1 mg ${\cdot}m^{-3}$). The results of nutrient factors were the following: TN (3.1 $\pm$ 0.8 $mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$), NO3-N (2.5 $\pm$ 0.5 $mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$), TP (90 $\pm$ 48 ${\mu}g\;{\cdot}\;l^{-1}$), PO4-P (43 $\pm$ 30 ${\mu}g\;{\cdot}\;l^{-1}$). Dominant phytoplankton species during the study period were diatom (Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima and A. italica) and cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae). The small centric diatom, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, was repeatedly dominant from late fall to the following spring (mean and maximum cell density, 2.3 × 103 $\pm$ 3.8 × 103, 4.5 × 105 cells $ml^{-1}$, respectively). Pinnate diatom, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima and A. italica, were frequently observed all season except January to March. Cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, proliferated in summer of 2002 except in 2003 due to heavy precipitation. The dominant zooplankton species (March-early May) was rotifer (Brachionus, Keratella, Polyarthra) and cladocerans (Diaphanosoma). The daily observed dynamics of the phytoplankton community in the lower Nakdong River in this study may play an important role in increasing the detailed resolution of limnological information and serving as ecological data for future studies.

• ALGAE
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.333-343
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• 2005

Spatial and temporal variations of environmental factors and phytoplankton community were investigated in the three stations of Andong Reservoir in 1997 and 2003. The changes of physico-chemical water quality and phytoplanktonic biomass were higher in 2003 than that of 1997, due to rainfall difference. The concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the reservoir decreased, but total nitrogen fell relatively more between them. TN/TP ratio decreased from 109 to 90 showing no change at the downstream but a big decrease at the midand upstream. Predominant phylum of phytoplankton in Andong Reservoir were six genus that composed to Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis of Cyanophyceae, Cosmarium and Scenedesmus of Chlorophyceae and Synedra of Bacillariophyceae, respectively. Among the observed phytoplankton, diatom Synedra occured as the maximum amount of 3,400 cells mL$^{-1}$ even at the above 30°C. Green algae Scenedesmus observed along with Microcystis. It seemed to be compete with Microcystis during the high water temperature period. Although trophic state of Andong Reservoir was decreased, the standing crops of phytoplankton were increased. Moreover bluegreen algae, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis in the region of upstream to midstream and diatom, Synedra in the region of midstream to downstream were increased until to reach the algal bloom, respectively. It seemed necessary to attention the changes of blue-green algae Aphanizomenon, that has an ability of nitrogen fixation.