• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 1994

Vertical and horizontal distribution and seasonal changes of fine roots as well as inorganic nitrogen content in soil were determined in Quercus mongolica and Quercus acutissima stands in Mt. Taemosan, Seoul. The vertical distribution of fine rooth phytomass showed a power-functional decrease as descending soil depth. Fine root phytomass was 170 g $DM/m^2$(46%) and 225 g $DM/m^2$(47%) in top soil of 5 cm depth, and 370 g $DM/m^2$ and 480 g $DM/m^2$ from soil surface to 50 cm depth in Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima stands, respectively. Fine roots in relation to the distance from the nearest tree were evenly distributed horizontally in both stands. Fine roots phytomass in top soil of 5 cm depth reached a peak in June, and thereafter decreased gradually in both stands. Patterns of seasonal changes in fine root phytomass were closely related to inorganic nitrogen and moisture content.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1994

The effects of fetilization on the structure and function of an early successional Miscanthus sinensis grassland were investigated in an old-field ecosystem at Honjo city, Saitama Prefecture, Japan from 1981 to 1982. Compared to control plot, life form composition of treatment plot was characterized by a decrease of phanerophytes and an increase of hemicryptophytes. Fertilization had a beneficial effect on the growth in aboveground phytomass of M. sinensis, the dominant species. However, it did not cause a change in the total number of stems of M. sinensis. Annual increment of patch diameter of M. sinensis was estimated to be 6-8 cm on an average and there was no significant differecne in the growth rate of patch size between fertilized and nonfertilized plots. To estimate the aboveground phytomass of M. sinensis, several non-destructive parameters were examined. As a result, the patch size showed a high correlation with aboveground phytomass. Thus the patch size was suggested to be most applicable to its estimation. Diversity indices based on phytomass data of component species were increased slightly by fertilizatin, because relative dominance of some other species, especially of Artemisia princeps increased, while that of M. sinensis decreased. Fertilizer application resulted in a decrease in the total number of species.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 1999

The community structure, phytomass, and primary productivity in Thuja orientalis stands on a limestone area located in Maepo-up, Chungbuk province in Korea were estimated quantitatively. Seven species including a small proportion of Quercus dentata were identified in the tree layer, 26 species including Ulmus macrocarpa in the shrub layer, and 79 species including Carex lnceolata in the herb layer of the Thuja stands. The vertical distribution of the fine root phytomass exhibited a power functional decrease relative to the soil depth. The seasonal changes in the fine root phytomass at a soil depth of 5 cm were closely related to the pecipitation in the study area. The productivity of the stand of stems, branches, leaves, and roots were 10.72, 0.82, 0.45 and 6.46 ton DM. $ha^{-1}$ .$yr^{-1}$, respectively. The Thuja stand had a high foliage(25%) and low rate of production per unit of foliage. The annual turnover rate of the fine roots int he Thuja stand was 6.71 $yr^{-1}$. The net primary production of the overstory including the understory was estimated at 19.48 ton DM.$ha^{-1}$.$yr^{-1}$ including an underground section of 6.46 ton DM.$ha^{-1}$.$yr^{-1}$(33%). The allocation ratio of net production to root was lower in the limestone Thuja communities than at the nearby non-limestone ones, whereas the production efficiency to leaf weight was higher in the limestone communities. These results would seem to indicate that the limited production capacity is due to the calcium toxicity and low availability of iron and phosphorus in a limestone soil with a high pH, calcium, and bicarbonate content with a strategy for survival in a hostile habitat.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2009

본 연구는 임해준설매립지반의 토양환경에서 4종의 조경수종을 대상으로 생장 및 적응성을 평가하였다. 준설토와 조경토를 1:1로 혼합하여 1m 높이로 조성한 식물재배 실험구(planting pilot system)기반 토양의 토성은 사질토(S)로 분류되었고, 평균 pH값은 7.16으로 약알칼리성을 나타내었으며, 전기전도도(EC)는 294 ${\mu}S/cm$로 해수의 영향을 받았던 토양이었으나 비교적 낮은 EC값을 보였다. 토양의 유기물 함량은 3.9%로 낮았고, 총질소 함량은 397 mg/kg에 가깝게 나타났으며, 인산의 평균함량은 4.60 mg/kg으로 매우 낮아 식물의 생장을 돕기 위해서는 계획적인 인산질 비료의 시비가 필요한 것으로 사료되었고, 토양의 치환성 양이온 함량은 K가 152.9 mg/kg, Ca가 1,190 mg/kg, Mg가 62.7 mg/kg, Na가 24.8 mg/kg으로 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 식재후 4년인 비교년도의 식물재배 실험구에서 식재조건에 따른 생장수고는 물오리나무>사방오리>곰솔>피라칸사 순으로 나타났고, 흉고직경은 물오리나무>사방오리>곰솔 순으로 나타났다. 사방오리, 물오리나무, 곰솔 및 피라칸사 개체당 열매, 잎, 가지, 줄기, 주근, 중근 및 세근의 식물량은 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 높게 나타났고, 고밀도와 저밀도 식재지역에서 개체당 식물량은 물오리나무>사방오리>곰솔>피라칸사 순으로 나타났다. 식물재배 실험구에서 4종 모두 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 개체당 식물량은 물질생산 및 분배가 크게 반영된 생육양상을 보여 약 2배 높았다. 이는 토양 내의 영양염류의 이용경쟁에 있어 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 더욱 유리한 조건이 반영되었기 때문으로 판단되었다. 단위면적당 식물량은 물오리나무>p사방오리>곰솔>피라칸사 순으로 나타났고, 식물량이 가장 적은 피라칸사 기준으로 곰솔은 약 7배, 사방오리는 약 13배, 그리고 물오리나무는 약 23배 높은 식물량을 나타내었다. 식재조건에 따른 실험 수종 개체당 식물량은 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 약 2배 높은 것으로 나타났지만, 단위면적당 식재조건에 따른 식물량은 저밀도보다 고밀도 식재지역이 비슷하거나 높았다. 고 저밀도 식재지역에서 오리나무속의 식물들이 많은 식물량을 보였는데, 이는 임해준설매립지의 토양 특성에 잘 적응성을 나타냄과 동시에 질소 고정능력을 갖는 속성수(fast-growing tree)의 특성 및 지하부에 뿌리혹박테리아(root nodule bacteria)가 형성됨으로써 토양에 불용성 영양원의 이용도를 높일 수 있는 능력이 있기 때문으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 제한된 부지를 대상으로 4종의 식물만을 이용하여 연구가 진행되었기 때문에 다양한 식재조건 및 수종을 대상으로 하는 추가적인 연구가 필요하고, 조경분야의 생태적 활용을 위해서는 대상 식물들을 이용한 조경학적 적용방안에 대한 연구가 보완되어야 한다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2009

To investigate the possible applications of plants to remediate heavy-metal-contaminated soil, a pilot experiment was performed for four years in a reclaimed dredging area using two Alnus species, i.e., Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta. In a comparison of phytomass of the two species at two different planting densities, the phytomass of Alnus planted at low density was twice as high as that of Alnus planted at high density after four years. The Alnus species showed active acclimation to the heavy-metal-contaminated soil in a reclaimed dredging area. A. hirsuta showed greater accumulation of phytomass than A. firma, indicating that it is the better candidate for the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In the pilot system, Alnus plants took metals up from the soil in the following order; Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > As > Cd. Uptake rates of heavy metals per individual phytomass was higher for Alnus spp. planted at low density than those planted at high density in the pilot system. Low plant density resulted in higher heavy metal uptake per plant, but the total heavy metal concentration was not different for plants planted at low and high density, suggesting that the plant density effect might not be important with regard to total uptake by plants. The quantity of leached heavy metals below ground was far in excess of that taken up by plants, indicating that an alternative measurement is required for the removal of heavy metals that have leached into ground water and deeper soil. We conclude that Alnus species are potential candidates for phytoremediation of heavy-metal- contaminated surface soil in a reclaimed dredging area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.83-95
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• 1988

Phytomass, annual net production, respiration, annual gros production and litter fall were estimated in young Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantations reforested 1,2,3,6,9 and 11 years ago, respectivly. The estimated phytomasses in terms of allometry were 0.07, 0.44, 0.58, 13.37, 32.26 and 48.42ton/ha/yr for annual net production and those of understory with harvest method were 3.70, 4.52, 5.28, 6.72, 7.56 and 5.72ton/ha for standing phytomass and 5.01, 4.71, 5.52m 6.15, 4.51 and 2.08 ton/ha/yr for annual net production at 1,2,3,6,9 and 11 year old plantation, respectively. Although the standing phytomass of understory increased gradually until 9 years thereafter decreased, that of white pine increased suddenly from 6 years after reforestation. The ratios of the annyal net production of understory to that of white pine were 71.57, 1.48 and 0.23 at 1,6 and 11 year old plantations, respectively. The net production in calorie value for whole vegetation of the plantations, respectively. The net production in calorie value for whole vegetation of the plantations increased until 9 years thereafter decreased; i.e. 224, 221, 280, 466, 527 and 494X105 kcal/ha/yr at 1,2,3,6,9 and 11 year old plantation, respectivey. The ratio of annual net production to annual gross production of the undersoty was lower than that of the pine at the same plantation age. Efficiency of solat energy untilization for net production by the pine was lower than that by understory y\until six ear old plantation but that was vice versa over 9 year old plantation. That for gross producrion by the pine was lower than that by the unsersotry at all plantations.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.129-138
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• 1987

In a red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest, changes of pH, electric conductivity, total carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphate and available potassium in soil and runoff have been studied at intervals for 1 year after early spring fire. Phytimasses of herb and shrub were measured following the current and the subsequent year. The pH, E.C., total nitrogen and phosphate of soil in burned site wee 1.1, 1.5, 1.6 and 2.0 times higher than in unburned site, respectively. But potassium showed no significant difference. A rise in pH, E.C., and total nitrogen in burned site were maintained throught the study period while phosphate maintained 4 months after the fire. The E.C., total carbon, $NO_2-N$ and $NH_4-N$ of runoff in burned site were 1.3, 1.3, 1.3 and 29.0 times higher than in unburned site, respectively, while $NO_3-N$ in unburned site was 4 times higher than in burned site. In burned site, phytomasses of herb and shrub were 148 and 33% of unburned site in a current year and 107 and 51% in a subsequent year, respectively. The considerable amount of increase in soil nutrient after the fire was conserved by the uptake of the fast regrowing plants and by the immobilization of $NH_4=N$.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 1992

The density, litterfall, phytomass, and primary productivity for 7 years in quercus mongolian forest locasted at mt. nambyengsan, pyeongchang-gun, gangwon provance in central part of korean peninsula were estimated quantitatively. at the first year in 1984, a stand had 1, 450 trees/ha in tree density, which was 0.67 of skewness and 0.54 of kurtosis in frequency distribution, however, at the 7th year in 1990, the stand had 1, 133 trees/ha in the density with 22%(or 316 tree/ha)in mortality, which was 1.16 of skewness and 1.89 of kurtosis in the frequency. annual mean litterfall was 5 ton DM/ha, which was composed of 68% of leaves, 17% of branches, 3% of bud scales, 9% of arcons and cups, 0.7% of flowers and others. the phytomass of tree layer for 7 years was gradually increased from 149.7 ton DM/ha at the first year to 188.5 ton DM/ha at the 7th year.annual net productivity for the tree layer studied ranged from 8.76 ton DM/ha.yr-1 to 11.62 ton DM/ha. yr-1 with heavy fluctuation year by year. average annual productivity of the stand of trunk, branches, leaves and roots for 7 years were 4.42, 0.67, 3.85 and 1.29 ton DM/ha.yr-1, respectively. turnover rate of the stand was 6.9% at the first year and 5.6% at the 7th year. such fluctuation of the productivity was caused by the chang of density, mortality, mortality and turnover rate.

• 임산에너지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.8-22
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• 1998

남한강 유역의 소나무, 리기다소나무, 상수리나무, 굴참나무 및 신갈나무 군락을 대상으로 상대생장법에 의하여 현존량을 추정하였으며, 각 군락에 있어서 D2H와 줄기(Ws), 가지(Wb) 및 잎(Wl)의 상대생장식은 다음과 같다. 소나무 군락 : logWs=0.58482D2H-0.42417 logWb=0.6234D2H-1.2321 logWl=0.2247D2H-0.09359 리기다소나무 군락 : logWs=0.9218D2H-1.4692 logWb=1.0064D2H-2.2278 logWl=0.6275D2H-1.1715 상수리나무 군락 : logWs=0.96659D2H-1.56975 logWb=0.86315D2H-2.17944 logWl=0.79876D2H-1.97137 굴참나무 군락 : logWs=0.4753D2H＋0.20026 logWb=0.5725D2H-0.92006 logW1=0.61649D2H-1.4288 신갈나무 군락 : logWs=0.5526D2H-0.1228 logWb=0.5188D2H-0.9787 logWl=0.7754D2H-2.6273 상대생장식으로 추정한 현존량은 리기다소나무림 약 61만ton, 소나무림 약 120만ton, 상수리나무림 약 289ton, 굴참나무림 약 2,800ton 그리고 신갈나무림 약 57만ton으로서 소나무 군락이 전 지역의 약 43.9%를 점유하고 있다. 녹지자연도 등급별 현존량은 수령 20년 이상인 8등급에 속하는 삼림군락의 현존량 약 7만4천ton, 7등급에 속하는 삼림 약 200만ton으로서 7등급 군락이 전체의 75%를 차지하였으며, 식재림인 리기다소나무림은 약 61만 ton으로 측정되었다. 따라서 남한강 유역의 대표적인 자연림은 7등급에 속하는 소나무림과 신갈나무 군락이었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2007

This study was carried out to analyze both the root structure and the fine root phytomass of the vertical and horizontal distribution of Zelkova serrata Makino. which was transplanted in the reclaimed land from the sea in Gwangyang, Jeonnam, South Korea. The base ground was reclaimed land from the sea. $Z_1$ of the planting ground was filled to a $100{\sim}150cm$ thickness with the improved soil instead of the reclaimed soil from the sea, $Z_2$ of the planting ground was covered to a $20{\sim}30cm$ thickness with the improved soil and $Z_3$ of the planting ground was mounded to 120cm thickness with the improved soil on the reclaimed land from the sea. In addition, $Z_4,\;Z_5\;and\;Z_6$ of the planting grounds were at the large-sized mound on the reclaimed land from the sea. $Z_4$ of the planting ground was located at the lowest level, $Z_5$ planting ground was located at the slope and $Z_6$ planting ground was located at the top of the large-sized mound. The large-sized mounds contain 3 layers, the base layer was reclaimed land from the sea and the second layer was mounded to a $200{\sim}300cm$ thickness with the desalinized soil from the sea on the base layers and the finally layers were mounded to a $80{\sim}120cm$ thickness with improved soil on the second layer. The planting grounds $Z_3,\;Z_4,\;Z_5\;and\;Z_6$ developed roots such as tap roots, lateral roots and heart roots. However, in $Z_1\;and\;Z_2$ roots development were inhibited. The fine-root phytomass of the 6 planting ground types was as follows: $113.5g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_5$, $105.5g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_4$, $88.3g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_3$, $81.0g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_6$, $73.0g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_2$, $43.3g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_1$. The vertical distribution of the fine root phytomass decreased from the upper to the deeper soil profiles in the 6 mound types. The fine root phytomass was $43.3{\sim}71.8%$ in a $0{\sim}20cm$ thickness of soil layer and it decreased according to the distance from the nearest trees. The root growth in the improved soil was better than in the reclaimed soil from the sea. However, root growth decreased more in the disturbed soils even though the planting grounds contained the improved soils. The retarded development of roots and the spatial distribution patterns of the fine root phytomass were closely connected to the reclaimed soil from the sea. In the disturbed soil, the soil hardness and alkalic cation($Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+}$). were high and the soil water was lacking. We suggest that the construction of planting grounds and the improvement of bad soil are necessary for the proper and effective growth of landscaping plants.