• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.448-454
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• 2000

This paper describes the implementation of a multi-subject, multi-channel optical telemetry system for the short range measurement of electrocardiograms (EKGs) a system which receives command signals and transmits physiological signals to the external system using LED (Light Emitting Diode) and PD (Photodiode). This system decreases the dependency of power supply voltage to the CMOS IC chips and a new enforced synchronization technique using infrared bi-directional communication has also been proposed. The telemetry IC with the size of $5.1{\times}5.1mm^2$ has the following functions: receiving of command signal, initialization of internal state of all functional blocks, decoding of subject selection signal, time division multiplexing of 4-channel modulated physiological signals, transmission of modulated signals to external system, and auto power down control.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 1986

The present study was performed to investigate a possible influence of the adrenergic nervous system on pancreatic exocrine secretion stimulated by intraduodenal acid perfusion. Pancreatic secretion was collected in rats anesthetized with urethane after 24 hours fasting. The duodenal lumen was perfused (0.2 ml/min) with HCI solution in a concentration of 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 or 0.1 N When the volume of panceratic juice secreted for IS min became constant phentolamine (1 mg/kg), $noradrenaline\;(10\;{\mu}g/kg),\;Propranolol\;(1\;mg/kg),\;and \;isoproterenol\;(1\;{\mu}g/kg)$ were administered through the jugular vein in bolus. The secretory volume and protein output were measured in the pancreatic juice collected for 15 min. 1) HCI, perfused intraduodenally in graded concentrations from 0.005 N to 0.1 N, increased the pancreatic secretory volume and protein output dose-dependently. 2) In the basal state as well as in the stimulated state by the duodenal acid perfusion, phentolamine increased the pancreatic secretory volume and protein output while propranolol inhibited the volume and protein output. 3) In the basal state, noradrenaline did not change the pancreatic secretory volume but increased the protein output while isoproterenol increased both of the secretory volume and the protein output. These results strongly suggest that ${\alpha}-adrenoceptors$ in the rat pancreas exert an inhibitory influence on the pancreatic exocrine secretion including volume and protein output in the basal state as well as in the stimulated state by the intraduodenal acid perfusion while ${\beta}-adrenoceptors$ play a stimulatory role in the pancreatic exocrine secretion. However, in the physiological situation, adrenergic excitation may stimulate the protein output through ${\beta}-adrenoceptors$ without change in the secretory volume in the rat pancreas.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

PURPOSE : This study attempts to find the effects of water perturbation exercise performed on stroke patients in their physiological cost index and gait ability tests. METHOD : The subjects were 30 stroke patients, water perturbation exercise group was performed 3 day per week, for 40 minutes a day, for a period of eight weeks. The physiological cost index and gait of all subjects were assessed by using the polar, 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and 10 meter Walk Test(10mWT) at pre training and post training. Paired t-test was used to analyze change before and after intervention in group. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze correlation of all variables. RESULT : Water perturbation exercise group showed increased physiological cost index. Water perturbation exercise increased gait ability, showing a significant difference. Showing the correlation between the relatively high amount between physiological cost index and 6 minutes walking test. CONCLUSION : From the result of the study, we found that water perturbation exercise was effective in improving physiological cost index and gait ability. The patient is considered to be used by itself to involve the treatment and the risk of falling from the lowered state into the treatment method for the intensive treatment of stroke patients to be useful in improving the cardiovascular system and ability to walk. Through underwater training for stroke patients in the future on the basis of this study it is considered to require additional clinical studies on the impact on daily living and quality of life of stroke patients.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.785-791
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between 3D visual fatigue and physiological measures by canonical correlation analysis enabling to categorical correlation. Background: Few studies have been conducted to investigate the physiological mechanism underlying the visual fatigue caused by processing 3D information which may make the cognitive mechanism overloaded. However, even the previous studies lack validation in terms of the correlation between physiological variables and the visual fatigue. Method: 9 Female and 6 male subjects with a mean age of $22.53{\pm}2.55$ voluntarily participated in this experiment. All participants were asked to report how they felt about their health sate at after viewing 3D. In addition, Low & Hybrid measurement test(Event Related Potential, Steady-state Visual Evoked Potential) and for evaluating cognitive fatigue before and after viewing 3D were performed. The physiological signal were measured with subjective fatigue evaluation before and after in watching the 3D content. For this study suggesting categorical correlation, all measures were categorized into three sets such as included Visual Fatigue set(response time, subjective evaluation), Autonomic Nervous System set(PPG frequency, PPG amplitude, HF/LF ratio), Central Nervous System set(ERP amplitude P4, O1, O2, ERP latency P4, O1, O2, SSVEP S/N ratio P4, O1, O2). Then the correlation of three variables sets, canonical correlation analysis was conducted. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between visual fatigue and physiological measures. However, different variables of visual fatigue were highly correlated to respective HF/LF ratio and to ERP latency(O2). Conclusion: Response time was highly correlated to ERP latency(O2) while the subjective evaluation was to HF/LF ratio. Application: This study may provide the most significant variables for the quantitative evaluation of visual fatigue using HF/LF ratio and ERP latency based human performance and subjective fatigue.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2009

Relatively little is known about the neurobiology of insomnia, despite its wide prevalence and broad medical impact. Although much is still to be learned about the pathophysiology of the disorder, identification, systematic assessment, and appropriate treatment are clearly beneficial to patients. Recent research, using quantitative EEG, polysomnography (PSG), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and neuroimaging techniques, suggests that some broad areas can be identified as possible pathophysiological models. Sleep-wake homeostat model hypothesizes a failure in homeostatic regulation of sleep, an attenuated increase in sleep drive with time awake, and/or defective sensing of sleep need. Circadian clock model hypothesizes a dysfunctional circadian clock, resulting in changes in the timing of sleep-wake propensity that are incompatible with normal sleep. Intrinsic sleep-wake state mechanism model suggests that abnormal function of insomnia comprises the systems responsible for expression of the sleep states themselves. Extrinsic over-ride mechanism (stress-response) model suggests that insomnia reflects the consequences of overactivity of one of the systems considered "extrinsic" to normal sleep-wake control. Many current therapies for insomnia are based on these physiological models. Several attempts have been made to create a physiological model that would explain this disorder and could be used as a foundation for treatment. However, it appeared that no model can fully explain and clarify all aspects of insomnia. Future research should be necessary to expand our knowledge on the biological dimensions of insomnia.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.748-754
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on pain level, blood pressure, pulse rate, sleep, anxiety and depression of patients with pain. This study used a non equivalent quasi-experimental design. Aromatherapy was the inhalation of blending oils with lavender, eucalyptus, peppermint for 3 weeks. As the estimation for the physiological aspect, the visual analogy scale (VAS) for the pain level, blood pressure and pulse rate were measured. Also, as the estimation for the psychological aspect, Sleep of Snyder-Halpern & Verra, anxiety of Spielbeger and depression of Beck were used. The data were analyzed by SAS program using $x^2$ test, Fisher's exact test, Cronbach ${\alpha}$ and t-test. The results of this study were as follows. Pain level(p=0.001), state anxiety(p=0.018), trait anxiety(p=0.002), and depression(p<0.001) improved significantly in the experimental group. Also, there was significant difference between the experimental group and the control group on the depression(p=0.012). Aromatherapy was effective in physiological and psychological therapy. Also it can be applied in combination with existing Oriental medical therapy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.44-56
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• 1998

Effects of the music and white noise on recovery of the autonomic and cortical responses evoked by aversive visual stimulation were analyzed in 20 subjects. It was suggested that the music is able to exert modulatory influence on the physiological activity resulted from exposure to unpleasant IAPS based stimuli. Spectral power of DDG, heart rate(HR)respiration rate (RSR) and electrodermal activity(EDA)were recorded and analyzed for each experimental condition. It was observed HR and RSR deceleration, increased EDA and electrocortical activation expressed in decreased alpha power and increase of delta activity ao occipital and frontal areas. Obtained results suggest that audutory stimulation both with pleasant and sad music lead to restoration of pre-stimulation activation levels of most physiological parameters during listenning to music and in post-stimulation period. White noise evoked short-term physiological responses typical for orienting reaction and quite distinct from changes produced by music. Available data to differentiate effeces among pleasant and sad music, due toqualitative similarities of physilolgical patterns, but suppert an assumption that music is capable to facilitate the process of recovery of physilolgical responses elicited by visual stimulation of negative valence, thus positively modulate post-stress state.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1332-1339
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• 2019

Heat stress exerts a substantial effect on dairy production. The temperature and humidity index (THI) is widely used to assess heat stress in dairy operations. Herein, we review the effects of high temperature and humidity on body temperature, feed intake, milk production, follicle development, estrous behavior, and pregnancy in dairy cows. Analyses of the effects of THI on dairy production have shown that body temperature is an important physiological parameter in the evaluation of the health state of dairy cows. Although THI is an important environmental index and can help to infer the degree of heat stress, it does not reflect the physiological changes experienced by dairy cows undergoing heat stress. However, the simultaneous measurement of THI and physiological indexes (e.g., body temperature) would be very useful for improving dairy production. The successful development of automatic detection techniques makes it possible to combine THI with other physiological indexes (i.e., body temperature and activity), which could help us to comprehensively evaluate heat stress in dairy cows and provide important technical support to effectively prevent heat stress.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2002

The goals of this study are twofold: To investigate non-phobics'and Phobics'Physiological response in virtual environments. and to analyze the trend of phobics' Physiology during virtual reality treatment. As a measure of Physiology. heart rate, skin resistance. and skin temperature were acquired. The data of two group subjects were analyzed: twenty-two non-Phobic subjects (M=32.94 years). thirty-six subjects with fear of flying (M=40.12 yearn) who met the DSM-lV criteria for a fear of flying. As a result. skin resistance showed significant differences between non-Photics and phobics. T(56) =2.978, P〈0.01 And the physiological responses of 33 subjects among the Phobics. who succeed to fly without medicine after virtual reality treatment, showed a gradual trend toward the non-Phobics Physiological responses as therapy sessions went on. In this study. Physiological monitoring. skin resistance appeared to be useful both in understanding the Physiological state of Phobic individuals and in evaluating the results of treatment in virtual reality Psychotherapy.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.705-713
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• 2011

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare results of emotion recognition by several algorithms which classify three different emotional states(happiness, neutral, and surprise) using physiological features. Background: Recent emotion recognition studies have tried to detect human emotion by using physiological signals. It is important for emotion recognition to apply on human-computer interaction system for emotion detection. Method: 217 students participated in this experiment. While three kinds of emotional stimuli were presented to participants, ANS responses(EDA, SKT, ECG, RESP, and PPG) as physiological signals were measured in twice first one for 60 seconds as the baseline and 60 to 90 seconds during emotional states. The obtained signals from the session of the baseline and of the emotional states were equally analyzed for 30 seconds. Participants rated their own feelings to emotional stimuli on emotional assessment scale after presentation of emotional stimuli. The emotion classification was analyzed by Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA, SPSS 15.0), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multilayer perceptron(MLP) using difference value which subtracts baseline from emotional state. Results: The emotional stimuli had 96% validity and 5.8 point efficiency on average. There were significant differences of ANS responses among three emotions by statistical analysis. The result of LDA showed that an accuracy of classification in three different emotions was 83.4%. And an accuracy of three emotions classification by SVM was 75.5% and 55.6% by MLP. Conclusion: This study confirmed that the three emotions can be better classified by LDA using various physiological features than SVM and MLP. Further study may need to get this result to get more stability and reliability, as comparing with the accuracy of emotions classification by using other algorithms. Application: This could help get better chances to recognize various human emotions by using physiological signals as well as be applied on human-computer interaction system for recognizing human emotions.