• Health Policy and Management
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2021

Background: Patients with the chronic physical illness are more likely to experience depression, and the accompany of chronic physical illness and depression is particularly high in middle-aged and elderly women. Considering that depression is associated with somatization and the decline of therapeutic compliance when accompanied by chronic physical illness, middle-aged and elderly women who experience depression among chronic physical illness may increase their use of medical services. This study is to identify the effect of depression on the use of medical services, especially among middle-aged and elderly women with chronic physical illness. Methods: This study used the 2016 Korean Health Panel. For analysis, it used T-test, negative binomial regression, and multivariate regression combining propensity score matching. Results: First, depressive groups had a higher number of medical service utilization and total medical expenditure than the non-depressive group. Second, depression significantly increased medical service utilization (β=0.17, p=0.04) at the 5% significance level. Also, depression significantly increased total medical expenditure (β=0.37, p=0.08) at the 10% significance level. Conclusion: For those who have chronic physical illness among middle-aged and elderly women, the experience of depression was confirmed to be a factor affecting the use of medical services. In the end, it is important to come up with policy countermeasures for middle-aged and elderly women accompanied by depression and chronic physical illness.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.291-304
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the health and illness concepts of hospitalized preschoolers. The subjects were 52 hospitalized preschoolers from 3 to 6 grade in one general hospital. Data were collected through semistructured interviews by author. this study was conducted from Mar 2, 2000 to Jun. 30, 2000. Data were coded and categorized by content analysis. The results were as follows : 1. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about health concepts were coded and then classificated to 7 categories(physical well-being, food, powerfulness, exercise, obedience to authority, cleanliness, sleep.) 2. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about health behavior to maintenance health were coded and then classificated to 8 categories (food, obedience to authority, treatment, exercise, cleanliness, powerfulness, sleep, psychological stability). 3. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about prevention of illness were coded and then classificated to 9 categories(food, treatment, obedience to authority, powerfulness, emotional stability, psychological stability, exercise, physical well-being, ability of social adaption). 4. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about cause of illness were coded and then classificated to 3 categories(illness, trauma, food). 5. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about treatments of illness were coded and then classificated to 9 categories(treatment, rest, emotional stability, sleep, psychological stability, food, obedience, exercise, powerfulness). 6. The levels of health and illness concepts in this sample were higher than those of the physical causality.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-20
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical and mental health status of foreign migrant workers in Korea, and to provide basic data for assessment of industrial Nurses, and to contribute to the improvement of their health status. There were 108 workers who participated in this study. They lived in Seoul and the capital region and the data were collected from 11th August to 23th, 1996. The C.M.I. was utilized for the study. The results obtained by this study were as follows: Digestive system and Inadequacy have the largest portion of the physical and mental illness respectively. With regard to physical and mental illness ac cording to the gender, the frequency of illness experienced by women was higher than men in Genitourinary system and Sensitivity. By ages, there were significant differences between those in their 20's and 30's and in their 40's, particularly Ears and Eyes system. There were significant differences in mental health illness according to educational levels. The middle school graduate group had more health ill ness than the group with higher than high school education in Anxiety. There were significant differences in the rate of job satisfaction. The dissatisfied group had more health illness in Eyes and Ears, Miscellaneous diseases, and Inadequacy. The lower the rate of working condition satisfaction, the higher the frequency rate of physical and mental health illness (Eyes and Ears, Musculoskeletal system, Nervous system, Frequency of illness, Habits, Total physical section, Inadequacy, Depression, Anxiety, Anger, Tension, Total mental section) By the accessibility of health services, the group who has respond to difficult had more health illness in Frequency of illness, Anxiety, Anger, Tension and Total mental section. There were significant differences in the reason of difficulty of health services use concerning Eyes and Ears and Miscellaneous diseases. The most important factor to explain the satisfaction of job and working condition was the satisfaction for supervisor.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to explore the health and illness concepts of hospitalized children. The subjects were 129 hospitalized children from 3 to 12 years old in one general hospital. Data were collected through semistructured interviews by authors. This study was conducted from Jun. 1, 2000 to Dec. 31, 2000. Data were coded and categorized by content analysis. The results were as follows : 1. Perceived health concept were physical well-being, food, exercise, powerfulness, emotional stability, obeidence, cleanliness, sleep and ability of social adaptation. 2. Perceived health behavior to maintain health were food, treatment, exercise, cleanliness, obeidence, sleep, emotional stability, power-fulness and psychological stability, physical well-being. 3. Perceived prevention of illness were food, cleanliness, treatment, exercise, obedience, sleep, powerfulness, psychological stability, emotional stability, recreation and ability of social adaptation. 4. Perceived causes of illness were illness, trauma and food. 5. Perceived treatment of illness were treatment, sleep, rest, food, obedience, emotional stability, psychological stability, cleanliness, exercise and powerfulness.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.269-280
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• 2000

This study was conducted to clarify the effect of physical ability, pain, fatigue, depression, sexual satisfaction, and spouse criticism on the sexual intrusiveness of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)women. The subjects of the study were 89 RA outpatients who visited the department of rheumatology of Dong-A University Hospital in Pusan from March 2000 to April, 2000. Pain & Fatigue via graphic rating scale, depression via CES-D(Center for Epidemiologic Studies -Depression) scale and physical ability via the Health Assessment questionnaire(HAQ) were assessed. Also we used both Sexual satisfaction scale(Kim, et al, 1997) to measure sexual satisfaction and Spouse criticism scale(Kraaimaat et al. 1996) to measure spouse criticism. The Intrusiveness rating scale which was derived from Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale(AIMS) was used to measure illness intrusiveness in sexuality. The relationships between the variables such as pain, depression, fatigue, physical ability, spouse criticism, sexual satisfaction and illness intrusiveness on sexuality were analyzed by Pearson correlation. As a result, pain & depression were significantly positively related to illness intrusiveness and physical ability & sexual satisfaction was significantly negatively related to illness intrusiveness. But these variables were interrelated. So hierarchical regression was performed to examine the relative contribution of pain, depression, physical ability, and sexual satisfaction with regard to intrusiveness of RA on sexuality. It revealed that pain, depression & sexual satisfaction predicted significantly illness intrusiveness on sexuality. Therefore it is very important to reduce pain and depression and to increase sexual satisfaction for reducing illness intrusiveness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.143-156
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• 1992

This descriptive study explored the health and illness concepts of preschoolers to provide understanding on which to build research. The subjects were convenience sample three to six year of age attending one art institute in Cheju city. Data were collected through semistructured interviews by author, Children were asked to draw two figures, one healthy and one ill persons. The drawings were not analysed to grasp the meaning as in a projective technique, but only to relate to their response. Data were coded and categorized by content analysis. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1) Three year olds responded with some unrelated answers but well to questions related to their experiences of illness ; older participants answered questions related health and illness concepts more easily. Generally the levels of subjects' responses did not differ according to age and sex. 2) Preschoolers' answers about the cause, treatment and prevention of illness, and the meaning and promotion of health were coded and then classificated to 9 categories, (food, obedience to authoritys physical function, presence or absence of illness or symptoms, hygiene. treatment, traumatic injury, rest and germs). Food and obeidence to authority categories were most frequent responses the food category was associated with obeidence to authority because it seemed that the children follow the orders of their parents or other authority figures to eat or not to eat something This result was compatible with that of previous studies that preschoolers perceived illness as possible punishment for misbehavior. Participants except for one four year old boy did not suggest that germs cause illness. The children perceived themselves and their families as healthy even though they had symptoms of illness. 3) Preschoolers' health and illness concepts were. influenced by their experiences and related to their development that rules derived from authority and if not complied with, will bring punishment. These oonceptualizations may be the disparity that they perceived themselves and their families as healthy even though they were ill. A previous study by Perrin and Gerrity suggested that the level of children's illness concepts correlated with that of their physical causality and was lower than it. But the levels of health and illness concepts in this sample higher than those of the physical causality.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2007

Antidepressants are used by substantial number of physicians as well as psychiatrists. Antidepressants are the mainstay of treatment of depression combined with physical illness, neuropathic pain, and various psychosomatic disorders. Antidepressants, especially TCA and SSRI, are superior to placebo in treating comorbid depression and pain of physical illness. Although it has been controversial whether the influence of depression on the risk and outcome of physical illness is true, antidepressants would provide more favorable prognosis and better quality of life for the patients with physical illness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2002

The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the nursing needs of patients with chronic illness. Method: The subjects of this study were 636 patients with chronic illness, 323 general nurses, and 106 public health nurses. The instruments used for this study were questionnaires including perceived functions of nursing from the center for chronic illness, preference to placement, intention to use, needs to receive services from the center for chronic illness, strategies management for nursing, and nursing needs of chronically ill patients. Results: The mean of perceived functions for nursing from the center were 3.1(0.5) in public health nurses, 2.9 (0.59) in general nurses, and 2.4(1.33) in chronically ill patients. Regards of needs to receive on services of the nursing centers were, the regularly physical examination, for health educational services which was perceived highest request amongst chronically ill patients. We found the means of each specific need as 2.2(0.6), for physical health, 2.1(0.7), for psychosocial health, and 1.8(0.6) for spiritual health. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it is suggested that establishing a nursing center for chronically ill patients consider physical, psychosocial, for spiritual health needs of chronically ill patients. It is also a consideration that direct care for symptom management and health education in the nursing center be implemented.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.192-201
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-disciplinary self-management intervention based on empowerment theory and to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention for older adults with chronic illness. Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was used with 43 Korean older adults with chronic illness (Experimental group=22, Control group=21). The intervention consisted of two phases: (1) 8-week multi-disciplinary, team guided, group-based health education, exercise session, and individual empowerment counseling, (2) 16-week self-help group activities including weekly exercise and group discussion to maintain acquired self-management skills and problem-solving skills. Baseline, 8-week, and 24-week assessments measured health empowerment, exercise self-efficacy, physical activity, and physical function. Results: Health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group over time. Exercise self-efficacy significantly increased in experimental group over time but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The self-management program based on empowerment theory improved health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in older adults. The study finding suggests that a health empowerment strategy may be an effective approach for older adults with multiple chronic illnesses in terms of achieving a sense of control over their chronic illness and actively engaging self-management.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2011

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the effects of physical illness on depression in North Korean Defectors. Methods: One hundred forty-four North Korean Defectors(20 males, 124 females) and 376 South Koreans 133 males, 243 females) in Incheon Metropolitan areas participated the present study. Face-to-face interview was conducted for demographic information including presence of physical illnesses. To investigate depressive symptoms, all participants were required to complete the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). Results: After controlling gender, age, marital status, educational year, employment status and physical illness, North Korean Defectors showed higher CES-D score than South Koreans(${\beta}$=0.449, p<0.001). Within North Korean Defectors, the presence of physical illnesses independently was related to higher CES-D score(${\beta}$=0.243, p<0.001). However, within South Koreans, the presence of physical illnesses did not significantly predict CES-D score. North Korean Defectors with physical illness have higher CES-D score than North Korean Defectors without physical illness($26.8{\pm}13.8$ versus $19.7{\pm}12.7$). However, there was no significant differences of CES-D score between South Koreans with physical illness and South Koreans without physical illness($10.3{\pm}9.8$ versus $9.3{\pm}8.8$). Conclusion: Compared to South Koreans, North Korean Defector showed higher depressive symptoms independently from gender, age, education, employment, marriage. In addition, only North Korean Defectors showed the relationship between depression and physical illness. Our study suggests that depression should be assessed when North Korean Defectors have physical illness.