• Carbon letters
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.126-132
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• 2003

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) has been proven to be an excellent material for many industrial applications. A systematic study has been carried out of the kinetics of physical as well as chemical activation of phenolic resin chars. Physical activation was carried out using $CO_2$ and chemical activation using KOH as activating agent. There are number of factors which influence the rate of activation. The activation temperature and residence time at HTT varied in the range $550{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ and $\frac{1}{2}{\sim}8$ hrs respectively. Kinetic studies show that the rate of chemical activation is 10 times faster than physical activation even at much lower temperature. Above study show that the chemical activation process is suitable to prepare granular activated carbon with very high surface area i.e.$ 2895\;m^2/g$ in short duration of time i.e. 1 to 2 hrs at lower temperature i.e. $750^{\circ}C$ from phenolic resins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of muscle activation of neck, lumbar and low limb by using baby carrier with arms during walking. Methods : Twenty healthy and young females who brought up infants and had no musculoskeletal disorders of neck, lumbar and low limb were recruited for this study. They were instructed to perform muscle activation of neck, lumbar and low limb using the baby carrier with and without arms during walking. ProComp $infiniti^{TM}$ (Thought Technology Ltd., Canada) was used to measure the muscle activity of neck, lumbar and lower extremity muscles. Results : Activation of neck paraspinalis muscle was significantly increased using baby carrier with arms and there was a significant increase on erector spinae muscle activation by using anterior baby carrier. Conclusion : These results indicate that the muscle activation was changed by arms assist and the position of using baby carrier. Therefore, it could be considered relationship of muscle activation and musculoskeletal demage as carrying baby.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.249-253
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• 2014

PURPOSE: This study intends to examine the effects of change of anatomical position of the ankle joint in open kinematic chain, an appropriate position for selective muscle training, on vastus lateralis obliques, rectus femoris, vastus medilais obliques, and rectus abdominalis muscle activation and to present an effective method of muscle training for patients and normal people. METHODS: The participants of this study were Korean healthy adult in their 20s. The 8 channel surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activation while the subjects raised their legs under each condition. Under each condition, while the subjects raised the leg to hip joint flexion at $60^{\circ}$ along the arch. RESULTS: The analysis result of muscle activation by each section and position during leg rising. There were significant differences. CONCLUSION: For independent strengthening of each muscle, muscle activation was measured according to leg raising angles and the result differed according to each section and position. If this study result is applied to muscle training for patients who need selective muscle training, more effective muscle strengthening will be made possible.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate effective cueing methods for selective muscle activation of gluteus medius muscles. Design: Cross sectional study design. Methods: Using the inclusion criteria for this study, 20 healthy adults, both males and females were selected for the measurement of muscle activation of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia latae muscles while performing clamshell exercise, basic movements in leg raise in side-lying, and 3 different cueing methods. Electromyogram was used to measure muscle activation, and both muscle activation and muscle ratio were compared during the basic movements and different cueing methods. Results: Gluteus medius activation was highest using "try not to make your body rotate" (cueing method 2) in both clamshell exercise and leg raise side-lying (F=5.533, p<0.05, F=7.771, p<0.05), and muscle ratio was highest in clamshell exercise using cueing method 2 (p<0.05) and "don't move your tensor fascia late" (cueing method 1) in leg raise side-lying (p<0.05). This study showed that cueing method 1 in leg raise side-lying and cueing method 2 in clamshell exercise were the most effective cueing methods for selective muscle activation of gluteus medius muscle. Conclusions: The results of this study may be used as basic information for future studies on muscle activation and muscle ratio for different cueing methods and different muscles in various exercises.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.67-74
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of lower limb muscle activation according to the use of arm sling in normal subjects. Design: Cross-sectional Study Methods: Seven healthy subjects (6 males and 1 female, 25.42 years, 173.57 cm, 71.71 kg) were recruited on a voluntary basis. To measure the lower limb muscle activation during walking with and without arm sling, we used a wireless surface electromyography (sEMG) (FreeEMG1000, BTS Bioengineering, Milano, Italy). Six wireless sEMG electrodes were attached to the following three major muscle groups of the both side lower limb: rectus femoris, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius. All subjects wore arm sling on their right side during measurement. Results: In the stance phase, there was a significant increase in right side rectus femoris muscle activation in walking without arm sling compared to the walking with arm sling (p<.05). Additionally, In the stance phase, there was a significant increase in left side tibialis anterior muscle activation in walking without arm sling compared to the walking with arm sling (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that there is a significant association between the arm swing restriction and lower limb muscle activation. Therefore, it seems that it can be applied as basic data for gait training with an arm slings.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.316-321
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• 2013

Purpose: The aimed of this study was to investigate muscle activation related to postural stability according to different frequency of whole body vibration during quiet standing, to identify the most effective training conditions that cause the highest neuromuscular responses, and to evaluate the difference of EMG activation according to the anatomical position of the muscle - proximal or distal from the vibration platform. Methods: Eighteen healthy subjects voluntarily participated in this single-group, repeated-measures study in which EMG data from upper trapezius, rectus abdominalis, external oblique abdominalis, elector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, and gastrocnemius were collected over different frequencies (0-5-10-15-20-25Hz) for each subject during quiet standing. Results: We observed a statistically significant difference in the mean values of %RVC of muscular activation according to different frequencies of whole body vibration during quiet standing in all muscles (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that lower frequencies of vibration result in low muscular activation, and higher frequencies elicit high muscular activation. However, the most effective training condition that caused the highest activation was 20 Hz. In addition, the proximally located lower extremity muscles (GCM, RF, ST, GM) showed higher activation than the distally located trunk and neck muscles (ES, EO, RA, UT) together with increasing frequency.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.53-59
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• 2012

Background : The purpose of the study was: to investigate muscle activation of upper arm according mouse shape. Methods : Twenty person(mean age : 23. 7) who have healthy condition was participated this study, we collected data of muscle activation using by EMG from upper trapezius(Tr), deltoid middle fiber(De), extensor digitorum(Ed), first dorsal interosseous(Di) during participants was performed click and drag according various mouse. Mouse shape was divided 4 level as follow shape 1 was very small, 2 was small, 3 was moderate, 4 was large. Data was analyzed ANOVA, independent t-test using by SPSS ver18.0. Results : There was significantly difference of muscle activation among each muscle according mouse shape in drag and click. In shape 1, 4, there was significantly difference of muscle activation of Tr, De, Ed between drag and click except Di. In shape 2, 4, there was significantly difference of muscle activation of all muscle between drag and click. Conclusion : We knew that extensor digitroum showed more higher muscle activation than other muscle in drag, first dorsal interoseous showed more higher muscle activation that other muscle in click. We suggest that mouse shape was very important factor in order to prevent skeletal muscular disorder for computer user, and mouse shape can reduce muscle fatigue during computer work.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2007

Purpose : This study is to determine effects of cane-shape which influenced on the change of muscle activation, gait component in hemiplegic patients caused by cerebrovascular accident. Methods : Twenty one stroke patients using T-shape cane(TCG) and twenty one stroke patients using I-shape cane(ICG) participated in this study. Surface electromyography(SEMG) of erector spinae, transvers abdominis, tibialis anterior, soleus of both side were measured during walking without cane and walking with cane. Results : The activation of tibialis anterior was significantly increased in affected side of ICG. The activation of tibialis anterior was significantly decreased in affected side of TCG. The activation of soleus was significantly increased in affected side of ICG. The activation of soleus was significantly decreased in affected side of TCG. The activation of erector spinae was significantly increased in nonaffected side of ICG and TCG. The activation of transvers abdominis was significantly increased in nonaffected side of ICG and TCG. Conclusion : From the finding of this study, it was suggested that I-shape cane increase weight bearing of affected side in hemiplegic patient. Therefore, I-shape cane can be applied to improve gait asymmetry of hemiplegic patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.190-195
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of isokinetic eccentric training (IET) on lower extremity muscle activation and walking velocity according to slow velocity and fast velocity of isokinetic eccentric training in stroke patients. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into three groups: experimental group I (n=10), group II (n=10), and control group III (n=10). Each group was provided intervention under three conditions, as follows: isokinetic eccentric training + slow velocity (group I), isokinetic eccentric training + fast velocity (group II), and sit to stand training (group III). The training program was conducted for eight weeks (five times per week; 30 minutes per day). Subjects were measured on lower extremity muscle (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gastrocnemius) activation and walking velocity. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed for comparison of lower extremity muscle activation and walking velocity between different intervention methods. Results: Significant difference in lower extremity muscle activation and walking velocity was observed in experimental group I and group II compared with the control group III (p<0.01). Results of post-hoc analysis showed a significant in lower extremity muscle activation and walking velocity in group I compared with group II and group III. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that slow velocity and fast velocity using isokinetic eccentric training may have a beneficial effect on improvement of lower extremity muscle activation and walking velocity in stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.264-269
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of game based weight-bearing training (GBWBT) on lower extremity muscle activation and balance in stroke patients. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group I (n=15) and control group II (n=15). Each group was provided intervention under two conditions, as follows: in the Game based weight-bearing training (group I), 30 minutes per day, five times per week, with physical therapy for 30 minutes, and in the functional weight-bearing training (group II), 30 minutes per day, five times per week, with physical therapy for 30 minutes The training program was conducted for a period of eight weeks. Subjects were measured on lower extremity muscle (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) by electromyography and balance by Biorescue. ANCOVA was performed for comparison of lower extremity muscle activation and balance between different intervention methods. All patients were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the treatment protocol. Statistical significance was tested between the patients before and after treatment by t-test. Results: Significant difference in lower extremity muscle activation was observed in experimental group I compared with control group II (p<0.05). Significant difference in balance was observed in experimental group I compared with control group II (p<0.001). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that game based weight-bearing training may have a beneficial effect on improvement of lower extremity muscle activation and balance in stroke patients.