• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.62-74
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• 2022

Purpose : This study aimed to identify the factors influencing physical restraint-related practice among nurses working in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods : The participants consisted of 169 ICU nurses in three general hospitals in B and U cities. Data were collected from December 2021 to January 2022 through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Demographic characteristics, physical restraint-related practice, Person-centered Critical Care Nursing (PCCN), work environment, and attitudes toward physical restraint use were measured. For data analyses, hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted using SPSS/WIN 25.0. Results : Clinical careers in the ICU, better work environments, higher PCCN levels, and more positive attitudes toward physical restraint use were associated with a better practice of physical restraints, which together explained 35.5% of the total variance of the outcome. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that to promote a safe physical restraint-related practice among ICU nurses, it is important to improve the nursing environment, prepare guidelines for applying PCCN, and provide education for endorsing positive attitudes toward the use of physical restraints.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.7-22
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate recognition, attitudes, knowledge, education experience, and education demand regarding physical restraint among laypersons. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 105 randomly recruited laypersons in D city. Excluding 2 incomplete answers, 103 data were analyzed by frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and chi-square test using SPSS 23.0. Results: Laypersons' recognition of physical restraints was rated at 3.37 out of 5 points, and showed a positive perspective. Knowledge on physical restraints was rated at 13.68 out of 18 points and was affected by age and education level (F = 2.845, p = .028)(F = 3.126, p = .029) A majority of the participants had no education on physical restraints. Nevertheless, participants showed intention to receive education in physical restraint to reach further understanding. Conclusion: Education on physical restraints is necessary for lay persons. However, there were education limits for people living in modern times. As an intervention addressing this problem, observing videos on the internet is recommended. Moreover, for advertising/educational purposes, accessing the internet and using smart-phone applications are suggested.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.148-156
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional response of family members of physically restrained patients in the intensive care units (ICUs). Methods: The study subjects were 200 family members of ICU patients who had been on physical restraints in two university hospitals. Data were collected using the "Instrument of family's emotional response toward physically restrained patients". Results: The mean score of familial emotional response was 2.69 out of a possible 5. The subcategory of acceptance was the highest with 3.56 points followed by depression (3.02), helplessness (2.94), anxiety (2.87), shock (2.74), avoidance (2.64), and grudge (2.08). Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that the age of family members, side effects of restraints, and information provision were the variables influencing on negative emotional response of family. Conclusion: Family members showed slightly negative emotional response toward the physical restraints. This finding could be influenced by their limited knowledge of the need for the restraints. Educational programs or fact sheets to be given to family members may be helpful.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.529-537
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• 2021

Although the use of physical restraints is controversial, it is still commonly used in hospitalized patients to prevent patient accidents in clinical practice. It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, perception, and nursing practices related to the use of physical restraints. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which self-administered questionnaires were collected from 144 nursing students at two Universities. Descriptive statistics, including t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression, were applied to analyze the data collected. Our results reveal that the mean knowledge score of nursing students regarding the use of physical restraints was 11.55±2.81, the mean attitude score was 60.01±7.24, the mean perception score was 59.97±10.68, and the mean nursing practice score was 38.04±4.15. Significant positive correlations were observed between nursing practice and knowledge, attitude, and perception. Multiple regression analysis showed that the factors significantly related to nursing practice and the use of physical restraints were perception (β=.23, p=.005) and attitude (β=.21, p=.009), having a total explained variance of 13.0%. The findings from this study suggest that perception is the strongest predictor of the use of physical restraints in nursing practice. Thus, it is necessary to develop and apply an evidence-based educational intervention program to ensure that nursing students correctly understand the need for physical restraints and later use them appropriately in clinical practice.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.167-174
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• 2019

The propose od this study was to examine the extent of using physical restraint on elderly patients (over 65 years old) and who were patients in long-term care hospitals. The data was collected, from March 3 2018 to March 29 2018, from the electronic nursing records by using a recording tool, and clinical observation was also used for assessing the use of physical restraint and the related factors. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and logistic regression were then performed. The usage rate for physical restraints in long-term care hospital was 83.7%, and the most common type of physical restraint was side rails. The use of physical restraints showed a positive correlation with the fall risk scores and a negative correlation with the MMSE. Logistic regression analysis showed that the Fall Risk Score (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01~1.03), MMSE (OR=0.94, CI=0.88~0.99) and the use of medical devices (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.65~0.98) were related with using physical restraints. Therefore, it was confirmed that physical restraint was used in cases of a high risk of falling, severe cognitive impairment and the use of complex and fragile medical devices to treat the patient. Clinical nursing practice should be changed so that treatment alternatives can be applied for elderly patients rather than using too many physical restraints.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.526-534
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• 2019

This study was undertaken to identify knowledge, attitude, perception and nursing practice toward use of physical restraints, among nurses in long-term care hospitals. We further explored the impact of factors associated with nursing practice toward use of physical restraints. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which self-administered questionnaires were collected from 128 nurses working at 11 long-term care hospitals. Descriptive statistics, including t-test, one-way ANOVA, Welch's test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression, were applied to analyze the data collected. Our results reveal that the participants possess moderate levels of knowledge, attitude, perception and nursing practice toward use of physical restraints. Significant positive correlations were observed between nursing practice and knowledge. Multiple regression analysis showed that the factors significantly related to nursing practice and use of physical restraint were knowledge (${\beta}=0.27$, p=0.002) and attitude (${\beta}=-0.17$, p=0.044), having a total explained variance of 9.0%. The findings from this study suggest that knowledge is the strongest predictor on nursing practice toward use of physical restraints. Thus, we propose that developing and applying evidence-based educational intervention programs to reduce the use of physical restraints in long-term care hospitals are required.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.179-191
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• 2004

A series of experiments were conducted on dental denture base resins for their antibiosis. They were also compared in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics, which led to the following results: 1. As for bacterial deposition, the old products showed a wide range of distribution, while those products containing C. S. had restraints. 2. Among the products containing C. S., those ones of 7, 12 and 20% all had restraints of similar size to slop further bacterial growth. In the meanwhile, the old products had only small-size restraints for bacterial growth. 3. The following changes were observed in the aspect physical characteristics: There were no significance between the old products and the C. S. products. Thus, as for compressive force, the average${\pm}$standard deviation of the old products was $27.4083.{\pm}1.7397$, and those C. S. products of 20% showed the similar $27.5600{\pm}.1976$. In addition, there were no significance between the old products and those ones containing C. S. in terms of tensile force. The tensile force of the old products was $114.5600{\pm}.8916$ in average${\pm}$standard deviation, while there was no differences among the C. S. products of 7, 12, and 20% in that matter.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to develop a new restraint for the intensive care units (ICU) and to investigate the application effect in comparison with a control group using existing restraints. Method: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experimental research design was used. The participants were 40 (control 20, experimental 20) patients who were recruited by convenience sampling the ICU of a university hospital. To avoid contamination of the experiment, data for the control group were collected prior to the experimental group. Measurement variables were edema and skin damage (redness and abrasion) at the application site, and nurses' perceived convenience in applying restraints. Results: Three days after applying the restraint, amount of edema at the application site was small and incidence of skin damage decreased in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Also, score for application convenience measured by the nurses was higher in for the newly developed restraint than for existing restraints. Conclusion: Results indicate that the newly developed restraint has lower effects such as edema and skin damage and is more convenient compared with existing restraints, and is therefore recommended for patients in the ICU.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.79-94
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• 1997

The solution structure of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor(BPTI) has been refined by NMR chemical shift data of C${\alpha}$H using classical molecular dynamics simulation. The structure dependent part of the observable chemical shift was modeled by ring current effect, magnetic anisotropy effect from the nearby groups, whereas the structure independent part was replaced with the random coil shift. A new harmonic function derived from the differences between the observed and calculated chemical shifts was added into physical force field as an pseudo potential energy term with force constant of 250 kJmol-1 ppm-2. During the 1.5 ns molecular dynamics simulation with chemical shift restraints BPTI has accessed different conformation space compared to crystal and NOE driven structure.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and the course of delirium, and identify risk factors for the development of delirium in surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Methods: Subjects older than 19 years admitted to the SICU were recruited. After informed written consent, enrolled subjects had baseline cognitive and functional assessments. Subjects were assessed daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU (CAM-ICU). Results: During the study period, 110 patients were enrolled. The overall incidence of delirium was 20% (22/110). The average time to onset of delirium was 3.04(${\pm}1.25$) days. Several variables were associated with an increased risk of delirium including older age (p<.05), higher admission APACHE II score (p<.001), use of opioid and analgesics (p<.01), using physical restraints (p<.001), and intraoperative hypotension (p<.05). In a multivariate logistic regression model, using physical restraints (p<.001), intraoperative hypotension (p<.05), and older age (p<.05) remained significant predictors of the delirium development. Conclusion: Using physical restraints, intraoperative hypotension and older age was strongly associated with development of delirium in the SICU. Prevention measures need to focus on identifying patients at higher risk for delirium development.