• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.290-295
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of robo-horseback riding with changes of pelvic tilting and speeds on muscle activities of trunk and lower limb in healthy adults. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were recruited for this study. Subjects performed robo-horseback riding at three pelvic postures (anterior tilting pelvic posture: AP, neutral pelvic posture: NP, posterior pelvic posture: PP) and different speeds (moderate and fast speed). Muscle activities were recorded from the trunk muscles (rectus abdominis [RA], T2 paraspinalis [T2 PS], L2 paraspinalis [L2 PS]) and lower limb muscles (rectus femoris [RF], vastus medialis [VM], vastus lateralis [VL], biceps femoris [BF], gastrucnemius [GCM]). Results: Significantly higher RA activities were observed under the PP condition than under the AP and NP conditions at both speeds. Significantly higher L2 PS activities were observed under the AP condition than under the PP and NP conditions at both speeds. Significantly higher T2 PS activities were observed under the AP condition than under the PP and NP conditions at fast speed. However, the muscle activities of the VM and GCM did not show significant changes with changes in pelvic posture at both speeds. All muscle activities were significantly higher under the fast speed than under the moderate speed in three pelvic postures. Conclusion: There were significant differences in the changes of pelvic tilting on muscle activities of trunk and lower limb were observed in healthy adults. NP condition can be introduced the most efficienct posture for muscle activities of trunk and lower limb in robo-horseback riding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.459-469
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• 2012

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to examine changes caused by asymmetric bag carrying methods to carry the bag with one shoulder only to plantar pressure during walking. METHODS: Twenty three normal adults without any gait problem participated in the present study. Experimental conditions used consisted of walking without carrying any bag(condition 1), walking wearing a bag on both shouders (condition 2), and walking wearing a bag on the right shoulder(condition 3) and the weight of the bag was set to 15% of each subject's body weight. All the subjects were instructed to participate in all experiments under these three conditions and plantar pressures were measured from the subjects' right and left feet using an F-scan system while the subjects were walking under the three conditions. To analyze the measured plantar pressure, the sole was divided into seven areas (Hallux, Toe, Met1, Met23, Met45, Mid foot and Heel) and maximum plantar pressures in individual areas were measured. RESULTS: The results of measurement of plantar pressures under three walking conditions did not show significant changes in any areas of the left and right feet except for the mid foot area of the right food. The asymmetry between the left and right feet was examined and the results showed significant differences only in area Met23 under condition 2 and did not show significant differences in any other areas. CONCLUSION: On comprehensively considering the results of the present study, it could be seen that asymmetric bag carrying did not have large effects on changes in plantar pressure during walking compared to symmetric carrying. The reason for this is considered to be posture adjusting mechanisms against load positions.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.678-689
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the educational needs of kidney transplant patients and educational importance perceived by their nurses to develop a rehabilitational and educational program. Data were collected from January 29, 1999 to July 30, 1999 with interviews using a structured questionnaire. The subjects for this study were 173, of whom 107 were patients who had had a kidney transplant and had visited the out-patient department and 66 were transplant ward nurses who were taking care of the kidney transplant patients at six general hospitals located in Seoul. The questionnaire used for this study was developed by the investigator through a literature review and collected and modified by 11 professional personnel and 3 kidney transplant patients. The data were analyzed using the SAS program for numbers, percentiles, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, and $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test. The results were as follows; 1) In the patient group, the total mean score for educational needs was 154.61 and the item mean score was 3.96. In the nurses group, the total mean score for perceived educational importance was 166.26 and the item mean score was 4.26. In the nurses group, perceived educational needs were scored higher than by the patient group. With regard to domains, both patient and nurses group had the highest educational needs and perceived educational importance in the domain of physical condition and the top five items in the educational needs and perceived educational importance were also in the domain of physical condition. 2) In the patient group, women and the divorce/bereavement group had higher educational needs in the domain of nutritional management, those who had been admitted longer than 4 weeks from their kidney transplant time had higher educational needs in the domains of physical condition and those who were less than 4 years from their transplant had higher educational needs in the domain of follow-up care. In the nurses group, those who were married had higher perceived educational importance in the domain of physical condition.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.34-44
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to compare the balance ability at different foot angle with KAT 2000 (Breg, Inc., Vista, CA. 1994). Forty-nine (male 24, female 25) normal subjects participated in this study. All subjects were assessed under two conditions. One was eye-opened condition and the other one was eye-closed one in 3 psi surface condition. All subjects were tested at different foot angle that were toe-in $25^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, toe-out $25^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$. The subject attempted to keep the platform as stable as possible with eyes closed and with eyes opened for every 20 seconds. The starting position was that subject crossed their arms across chest and flexed knees slightly. The results of each test were showed by a score on screen, which meant balance index. The se collected data were analyzed by using oneway ANOVA, Scheffe test, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. When the foot angle were changed, balance index was the lowest in toes-out $25^{\circ}$ condition and greatest with toes-in $45^{\circ}$ with eyes opened and with eyes closed. There were statistically significant difference with eyes opened and with eyes closed (p<0.05). 2. There was statistically significant difference in balance index according to visual condition and the balance index tested with eyes closed was higher than with eyes closed(p<0.05). 3. There was statistically significant difference in balance index by gender(p<0.05).

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare with different distance across three conditions in stroke survivors with the grading of cognitive state. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twelve stroke patients who agreed to active participation were included. Participants were allotted to normal cognitive (CN) group (n=7) and cognitive impairment (CI) group (n=5) and then walked on a self-paced walkway at three conditions on the Time Up and Go (TUG) test and the 6 minute walk test (6MWT): 1) walking with your comfortable speed, 2) walking while carrying a tray with glasses, 3) walking with a verbal cognitive task. The TUG test was repeated three successful times on each condition. For the 6MWT, participants were tested one time. Results: The CI group walked slower than the CN group at the three conditions on the TUG test. However, there was no significant difference between two groups to each condition. A significant effect of dual tasking was found only in error of verbal cognitive task condition for the TUG test (p<0.05). On the 6MWT, the participants in the CI group walked short distance rather than the CN group (p<0.05). There were significant differences between two groups not only at all conditions but also at error of verbal cognitive task condition as well (p<0.05). Conclusions: To consider the results of different distances such as the TUG test and the 6MWT, we think that exercises in long distance would be more effective to patients with CI. Those would be improved patient's endurance in cognitive problem.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.176-183
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the short term effects of ASEJ (ankle strengthening with emphasis on jumping) for 3weeks on strength, mechanical properties, and balance and to compare the balance with and without HH(high-heel) condition. Methods: ASEJ (a combined exercise of squat, heel raise up, and jumping) were performed for the subjects in 11 female ankle instability young females ($21.7{\pm}2.0yrs$ Cumberland ankle instability score $19{\pm}6.5$). To investigate the effect of ASEJ, investigator used dynamometer for measuring strength, MyotonPRO for measuring mechanical properties(tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the muscles), I-Balance test for static balance, and Y-balance test for dynamic balance between the condition with and without HH condition. All data were normally distributed and analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. Comparing pre- and post-intervention and the condition with and without HH conditions data were examined using the paired t-test. The level of significance was chosen as 0.05 for all the analyses. Results: 3wks of ASEJ would strengthen leg muscles and increasing muscle tone and stiffness in most muscles however there was decreasing muscle elasticity of gastrocnemious. In addition, the ASEJ improves the static balance for ankle instability young females and increases the dynamic balance when wearing the heels especially. Conclusions: the ASEJ could recommend to improve the strength and balance for ankle instability young females. Also, measuring the balance with HH conditions well represents the risk of ankle damage in female.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2012

This study used an unstable platform to change the support surface type and position of both lower limbs in order to determine changes in weight distribution and muscle including the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, lateral hamstring, and lateral gastrocnemius of both lower limbs were evaluated during knee joint flexing and extending in a semi-squat movement in 32 hemiplegic patients. The support surface conditions applied to the lower limbs were divided into four categories: condition 1 had a stable platform for both lower limbs; condition 2 had an unstable platform for the non-hemiplegic side and a stable platform for the hemiplegic side; condition 3 had a stable platform for the non-hemiplegic side and an unstable platform for the hemiplegic side; and condition 4 had an unstable platform for both sides. The normalized EMG activity levels of muscles and weight bearing ratio of both sides in the four surface conditions were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. A significant increase was found in the weight support distribution for the hemiplegic side in flexing and extending sessions in condition 2 compared to the other conditions (p<.05). A statistically significant decrease in significant decrease in asymmetrical weight bearing in flexing and extending sessions was observed for condition 2 compared to the other conditions (p<.05). A similar significant decrease was found in differences in muscular activity for both lower limbs in condition 2 (p<.05). The muscular activity of the hemiplegic side, based on the support surface for each muscle showed a significantly greater increase in condition 2 (p<.05). An unstable platform for the non-hemiplegic side and a stable platform for the hemiplegic side therefore increased symmetry in terms of the weight support distribution rate and muscle activity of lower limbs in hemiplegic patients. The problem of postural control due to asymmetry in hemiplegic patients should be further studied with the aim of developing continuous effects of functional training based on the type and position of the support surfaces and functional improvement.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.54-63
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the hip internal rotation on knee extensor and hip abductor electromyographic (EMG) activity during stair up and stair down mobility. Eighteen healthy subjects were recruited. All subjects performed stair up and down movements on a step of 30cm height while maintaining the hip in neutral (condition 1) and hip in internal rotation (condition 2). Surface EMG activity was recorded from five muscles (gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis oblique (VMO), posterior gluteus medius (Gmed), and tensor fascia latae (TFU)) and hip internal rotation angle was measured using a three dimensional motion analysis system The time period for stair up and down was normalized using the MatLab 6.5 program, and EMG activity was normalized to the value of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The EMG activities according to the hip rotation (neutral or internal rotation) during the entire time period of stair up and down in each phase were compared using a paired t-test. During the entire period of stair up, the EMG activities of VL and TFL in condition 2 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p<.05). During the entire period of stair down, the EMG activities of VL and TFL in condition 2 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p<.05). However, the EMG activities of the other muscles were not significantly different between the conditions (p>.05). These results suggest that the stair up and down maintaining hip internal rotation was could be a contributing factor on patellar lateral tracking.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1869-1873
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the amount of physical activity between young children with mental retardation and young children with normal condition using accelerometer. Six children (three children with retardation and other three children with normal condition) were selected as a subject on this research. And measurement of this research was done with the following items;(1)numpeaks accelerometer transverse; PAT, (2) numpeaks accelerometer longitudinal;PAL, (3)heat flux average original rate; HFA, (4) steps per minute(SPM), (5)GSR average. The amount of physical activity for young children with mental retardation shows that they move less that young children with normal condition; young children with mental retardation (PAT-$2.94{\pm}0.60$, PAL-$4.97{\pm}0.650$, young children with normal condition(PAT-$4.50{\pm}0.95$, and PAL-$6.05{\pm}0.87$). This suggests that young children with mental retardation lacks physical ability. And the amount of physical activity for young children with mental retardation was less compared with young children with normal condition. It is concluded that many programs for young children with mental retardation to have more interest and act fast should be introduced and developed in educating young children with mental retardation.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

A high-frequency analysis technique, called the hidden rays of diffraction (HRD), is reviewed in this paper. The physical optics and the rigorous diffraction coefficients of a perfectly conducting wedge illuminated by a plane wave are compared. The physical existence of hidden rays on the shadow boundary is explained in view of the geometric theory of diffraction (GTD). In particular, a systematic tracing of hidden rays and its visualization are precisely described by introducing the concept of the supplementary boundary. The physical meaning of the null-field condition in the complementary region is also explained.