• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.328-338
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• 2007

One of main advantages of composite using smart material as reinforcement can be controlled cracks behavior inside the composite. If the smart composite is applied as part of the structure, the use of the shape memory effect of the smart material is the best way to protect the propagation of cracks generated in the structure while use. In this study, the optical manufacturing conditions for the smart composite were derived. In order to evaluate the shape memory effect by shape memory alloy, the tensile load was applied to the smart composite and stress distribution was inspected. And then, the smart composite was heated to a certain temperature and the shape memory alloy would shrink to the original shape. Finally, at this point the recovering status of stress using photoelastic instrument was discussed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.697-709
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the stress intensity and distribution produced by 1mm activation of retraction archwire with $0^{\circ},\;7^{\circ},\;14^{\circ}$ torque and application of high polk J-hook headgear during retraction of four maxillary incisors using the photoelastic stress analysis. The photoelastic model was made with a PL-3 type epoxy resin which was substituted by alveolar bone portion. Each retraction archwire was fabricated from .020' X .025' stainless steel wire which had vertical loops in 7mm height and hooks for high pull J-hook headgear between central and lateral incisors. The high pull J-hook headgear was applied 35 degree backward and upward to occlusal plane with 200gm pet each side The findings of this study were as follows: 1. In case of $0^{\circ}$ torque, the stress was distributed from cervical 1/8 to apex of roots of central and lateral incisors which were the forms of arc mode. When the high pull J-hook headgear was applied, the stress distributed by arc mode was presented from cervical 1/2 to apex of roots of central and lateral incisors. And the stress distributed by following the root surface was presented from alveolar crest to cervical 1/2 of roots of central and lateral incisors. The stress between apecies of central and Lateral incisors was presented also. 2. In case of $7^{\circ}$ torque, the stress distributed by arc mode was presented from cervical 1/2 to apex of roots of central and lateral incisors. And the stress distributed by following the root surface was presented from alveolar crest to cervical 1/2 of roots of central and lateral incisors. When the high pull J-hook headgear was applied, the stress distributed by following the root surface was presented mote apically than without headgear. The stress between apecies of central and lateral incisors was presented also. 3. In case of $14^{\circ}$ torque, the stress distributed by following the root surface was Presented from alveolar crest to apex of roots of central and lateral incisors. When the high pull J-hook headgear was applied, the stress distributed by following the root surface was presented stronger than without headgear The stress between apecies of central and lateral incisors was presented also.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.6 s.89
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• pp.549-558
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• 2001

This study was undertaken to demonstrate the forces in the maxillary alveolar bone generated by the activation of the maxillary posterior crossbite appliance In the treatment of posterior buccal crossbite caused by buccal ectopic eruption of the maxillary second molar. A photoelastic model was fabricated using a Photoelastic material (PL-3) to simulate alveolar bone and ivory-colored resin teeth. The model was observed throughout the anterior and posterior view in a circular polariscope and recorded photographically before and after activation of the maxillary posterior crossbite appliance. The following conclusions were reached from this investigation : 1. When the traction force was applied on the palatal surface of the second molar, stresses were concentrated at the buccal and palatal root apices and alveolar crest area. The axis of rotation of palatal root was at the root apex and that of the buccal root was at the root li4 area. In this result, palatal tipping and rotating force were generated. 2. When the traction force was applied on the buccal surface of the second molar, more stresses than loading on the palatal surface were observed in the palatal and buccal root apices. Furthermore, the heavier stresses creating an intrusive force and controlled tipping force were recorded below the buccal and palatal root apices below the palatal root surface. In addition, the axis of rotation of palatal root disappeared whereas the rotation axis of the buccal root moved to the root apex from the apical 1/4 area. 3. When the traction force was simultaneously applied on the maxillary right and left second molars, the stress intensity around the maxillary first molar root area was greater than the stress generated by the only buccal traction of the maxillary right or left second molar. As in above mentioned results, we should realize that force application on the palatal surface of second molars with the maxillary posterior crossbite appliance Produced rotation of the second molar and palatal traction, which nay cause occlusal Interference. That is to say, we have to escape the rotation and uncontrolled tipping creating occlusal interference when correcting buccal posterior crossbite. For this purpose, we recommend buccal traction rather than palatal traction force on the second molar.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.6 s.89
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• pp.559-566
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• 2001

This study was undertaken to demonstrate the forces in the mandibular alveolar bone generated by activation of the mandibular posterior crossbite appliance in the treatment of buccal crossbite caused by lingual eruption of mandibular second molar. A three-dimensional photoelastic model was fabricated using a photoelastic material (PL-3) to simulate alveolar bone. We observed the model from the anterior to the posterior view in a circular polariscope and recorded photogtaphically before and after activation of the mandibular posterior crossbite appliance. The following results were obtained : 1. When the traction force was applied on the buccal surface of the mandibular second molar, stress was concentrated at the lingual alveolar crest and root apex area. The axis of rotation also was at the middle third of the buccal toot surface and the root apex, so that uncontrolled tipping and a buccal traction force for the mandibular second molar were developed. 2. When the traction force was applied on the lingual surface of the mandibular second molar more stress was observed as opposed to those situations in which the force application was on the buccal surface. In addition, stress intensity was increased below the loot areas and the axis of rotation of the mandibular second molar was lost. In result, controlled tipping and intrusive tooth movements were developed. 3. When the traction forte was applied on either buccal or lingual surface of the second molar, the color patterns of the anchorage unit were similar to the initial color pattern of that before the force application. So we can use the lingual arch for effective anchorage in correcting the posterior buccal crossbite. As in above mentioned results, we must avoid the rotation and uncontrolled tipping, creating occlusal interference of the malpositioned mandibular second molar when correcting posterior buccal crossbite. For this purpose, we recommend the lingual traction force on the second molar as opposed to the buccal traction.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 1983

For the determination of stress intensity factors, three methods have been used conventionally; the photoelastic method, the compliance method and the electrical resistance method. These methods, however, have common short coming upon experimental performance; the difficulty of cutting out sharp crack tips and arbitray crack forms similar to the practical one on the specimen. to eliminate this flaw, one of the author previously presented new methods, that is, for the determination of $K_{III}$ mode, the membrane analogy was applied and the slab analogy was used for the determination of $K_{I}$ and $K_{II}$ . The validity of this method was proved through the performance of a series of experiments of which theoretical solution are known.n.n.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.945-952
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• 1987

In this paper, Crack molding method called "Teflon crack Molding Method" is developed. With help of this method, we can mold a crack which is very similar to the natural crack, which has the tip radius of about 20.mu. the vertical and horizontal quality of crack excellent. In addition to these, by using this method in photoelastic experiment we can obtain the clear crack tip location and Isochromatic fringe pattern boundary, therefore the precise in the experimental data can be improved. improved.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.95-100
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• 2004

An analysis using FEM simulation was conducted to predict residual stresses and birefringence in simple compressed cylindrical glass as a preliminary part of the optimum design determination of optical lenses. The FEM simulation with the Maxwell viscoelastic constitutive model was used to predict thermal induced residual stresses and birefringence during the compression test considering stress relaxation. Also the linear photoelastic theory was introduced to calculate birefringence from the residual stress state. The simulation results were in good agreement with deformation and birefringence distribution in the existing experimental result.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 1985

In the fracture mechanics, the determination of the stress intensity factor value is vital for the prediction of a material fracture behavior. So many data concerning to the S.I.F. have been presented by many investigations to meet endless requrement. In this paper, the stress intensity factors of a sheet with an eccentrically inclined crack subjected to the pure bending moment were investigated theoretically by using of the complex mapping function to determine the Muskelishvili's comlex stress functions. Moreover, the theoretical value was compared with the result obtained from photoelastic esperiment. As a result, it was confirmed that both values coincided with satisfactorily within the margin of 2-3% devition; The results theoretically derived are right.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.714-718
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• 1996

The interference phenomenonof a dynamic crack propagation in a inclined DEN(double edge notched) specimen has been investigated by using the dynamic photoelasticity. One crack initiated by static loading is propagated dynamically and experiences a mixed mode condition(interference) as the crack approaches to the inclined edge notch. We use the overdeterministic least-square method to extract dynamic $K_{Id}$ K sub IId/and .sigma. $_{ox}$from the recorded dynamic photoelastic pattern surounding a running crack. The evaluated $K_{Id}$ $K_{IId}$and .sigma. $_{ox}$together with the crack propagation velocity estimate the dynamic crack interference phenomenonenonon

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.214-215
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• 2000

As silica based optical fibers and preforms are processed at a high temperature, residual stresses are bulit in the strucure when cooled down to the room temperature. The magnitude of the residual stress depends on the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients between core and cladding glass as well as on the temperature difference. Residual stress distribution determines the intrinsic strength and could affect the long term reliability of optical fibers. And furthermore, stress can introduces anisotropy into optical fibers by photoelastic effects. The analysis of thermal stress has been intensively studied for multimode fibers$^{(1)}$ and the authors and co-wokers recently reported the stress distribution in a depressed inner cladding structure$^{(2)}$ . The compositions of the glass in the previous studies, however, have been restricted to conventional glass formers, such as GeO2, B2O3, P2O5, Fluorine. (omitted)