• Human Ecology Research
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the rationale behind the transformation process of unique shophouse spatial organization in Phnom Penh. We selected 20 representative shophouses located in the Chinese district of Phnom Penh according to construction period. A qualitative study methodology was applied and field surveys were conducted that included interviews with residents, photographs, sketches, measurements, collecting historic photos, and cataloging maps. Selected cases were analyzed in terms of: basic house data, urban block analysis, and unit analysis. Cases were then classified into two types: private courtyard shophouse (PCS) and shared courtyard shophouse (SCS). PCS refers to shophouse typology that maintains most of the characteristics of early shophouses while being transformed into a modern multi-story apartment within a limited one bay plot. However, SCS refers to shophouses adapted from the indigenous forms of PCS that evolved into a multi-storey and multi-family housing typology that includes features that might have been adapted from Western apartment buildings such as sharing a big courtyard, staircase and corridors. We conclude that shophouses in Phnom Penh have positively adopted a Western building typology, adapted it to local traditions, and finally formulated a new building type that represent indicators of a modernization process gradually accepted by society.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권7호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

The purpose of this research is to identify factors affecting the acceptance and use of e-tax services among medium taxpayers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The researcher conducted the study based on a quantitative approach by using multi-stage sampling method, which selects a sample size by two or more stages. The first stage sampling was the stratified random sampling and the subsequent stage was purposive sampling. In this study, the stratified random sampling was first used, followed by purposive sampling. The data were collected from 450 medium taxpayers who experienced using e-tax services located in three tax branches in Phnom Penh. This study adapted the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the model accuracy, reliability and influence of various variables. The primary result showed that behavioral intention has a significant effect on user behavior of e-tax services among medium taxpayers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Moreover, the results revealed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and anxiety have significant impact on behavioral intention. In addition, social influence has the strongest impact on behavioral intention, followed by anxiety, performance expectancy and effort expectancy. Conversely, facilitating conditions, trust in government, and trust in internet do not influence behavioral intention.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.519-522
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• 2021

The Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (n=20), and the striped snakehead fish, Channa striata (n=34), were purchased from local markets in 3 administrative regions of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces) from May 2017 to April 2019, and their infection status with Gnathostoma sp. larvae was investigated. The frogs and fish were transported to the laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. Advanced 3rd-stage larvae (AdL₃) of Gnathostoma spinigerum, 24 in total number (1-6 larvae/frog), were detected from 6 (60.0%) out of 10 frogs purchased from Phnom Penh. No gnathostome larvae were detected in 10 frogs purchased from Takeo Province and 34 snakeheads from Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces. AdL₃ isolated from the frogs were 2.55-3.90 mm long and 0.31-0.36 mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb (0.081×0.191 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus (0.950-1.230 mm long), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.530-0.890 mm long). The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. These features were consistent with G. spinigerum AdL₃. By the present study, it has been first confirmed that the Chinese edible frog, H. rugulosus, from Phnom Penh serves as a second intermediate host for G. spinigerum, although their intensity of infection was not so high compared to other previously reported localities.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.73-94
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 캄보디아의 내륙수로인 Phnom Penh - Chong Kneas(Siem Reap)항까지의 구간에 교통안전시설을 설치할 경우의 편익에 대해 추정하였다. 먼저 여객선의 승객 및 물동량을 예측하였다. 예측된 여객선의 승객수 및 화물의 종류에 따라 여객선, 일반화물선, 그리고 유류선으로 나누어 각각의 교통량을 예측하였다. 과거의 교통사고 현황을 조사하여 교통안전시설로 인한 안전편익을 추정하였다. 또한 항해자의 심리적 부담경감효과를 화폐가치로 환산한 기타 편익을 산출하였다. 이로써 캄보디아의 해당 내륙수로에서의 2011년부터 2020년까지 교통안전시설에 대한 편익을 추정하였다. Phnom Penh - Chong Kneas(Siem Reap)항의 운항구간에서 내륙수로 교통시설의 안전편익은 비관적, 중도적, 그리고 낙관적 전망에 대해 2011년에 각각 $290, $400, 그리고 $540로 예상되었다. 예측의 최종년도인 2020년에는 안전편익이 각 전망에 따라 $670, $1,360, 그리고 $1,980로 산출되었다. 2011년부터 2020년까지 10년간 총 안전편익을 보면 비관적, 중도적, 그리고 낙관적 전망에 따라 각각 $4,950, $9,420, 그리고 $13,110가 될 것으로 예상되었다. 기타편익은 비관적, 중도적, 그리고 낙관적 전망에 대해 2011년에 각각 $14,700, $20,550, 그리고 $28,000로 예상되었다. 예측의 최종년도인 2020년에는 기타 편익이 각 전망에 따라 $27,650, $61,700, 그리고 $93,250로 산출되었다. 캄보디아의 Phnom Penh - Chong Kneas(Siem Reap)항 구간에서 2011년부터 2020년까지 교통안전시설의 전체 편익은 비관적, 중도적, 그리고 낙관적 전망에 대해 2011년에 각각 $14,990, $20,950, 그리고 $28,540로 예상되었다. 예측의 최종년도인 2020년에는 전체 편익이 각 전망에 따라 $28,320, $63,060, 그리고 $95,230로 추정되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.531-536
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• 2021

The prevalence and intensity of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (OvMc) were investigated in fish from 3 southern administrative regions along the Mekong River in Cambodia, i.e., Phnom Penh, Takeo, and Kandal Provinces from 2017 to 2020. A total of 295 freshwater fish (24 species) were transported to our laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. In Phnom Penh, among 4 fish species positive for OvMc, 9 (23.7%) of 38 specimens examined were infected, and their intensity of infection averaged 4.3 metacercariae per infected fish. In Takeo Province, among 10 fish species positive for OvMc, 24 (38.1%) out of 63 fish examined were infected, and their intensity of infection was av. 14.4 metacercariae per infected fish. In particular, all of 3 Osteochilus schlegelii fish examined were infected, and their infection intensity was high, 34.7 metacercariae per fish. In Kandal Province, among 6 fish species positive for OvMc, 46 (90.2%) out of 51 specimens examined were infected, and their infection intensity was 24.0 metacercaraie per infected fish. All fish of Systomus orphoides (n=17), Barbonymus altus (n=14), and Rasbora aurotaenia (n=2) were infected, and their intensity of infection averaged 37.7, 21.6, and 18.5 metacercariae per fish, respectively. Metacercariae of Haplochis yokogawai, Haplorchis taichui, and Centrocestus formosanus were detected in fish from Takeo and Kandal Provinces. From these results, it has been confirmed that a variety of fish species from Phnom Penh, Takeo, and Kandal Provinces are commonly infected with OvMc, and preventive measures to avoid human O. viverrini infection should be performed in Cambodia.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2014

A survey was performed to investigate the infection status of freshwater fish with zoonotic trematode metacercariae in Phnom Penh and Pursat Province, Cambodia. All collected fish with ice were transferred to our laboratory and examined using the artificial digestion method. In fish from Phnom Penh, 2 kinds of metacercariae (Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis yokogawai) were detected. O. viverrini metacercariae were positive in 37 (50.0%) of 74 fish in 11 species (average no. metacercariae/fish, 18.6). H. yokogawai metacercariae were detected in 23 (57.5%) of 40 fish in 5 species (average no. metacercariae/fish, 21.0). In fish from Pursat Province, 5 kinds of metacercariae (O. viverrini, H. yokogawai, Haplorchis pumilio, Centrocestus formosanus, and Procerovum sp.) were detected; O. viverrini metacercariae (n=3) in 2 fish species (Henicorhynchus lineatus and Puntioplites falcifer), H. yokogawai metacercariae (n=51) in 1 species (P. falcifer), H. pumilio metacercariae (n=476) in 2 species (H. lineatus and Pristolepis fasciata), C. formosanus metacercariae (n=1) in 1 species (H. lineatus), and Procerovum sp. metacercariae (n=63) in 1 species (Anabas testudineus). From the above results, it has been confirmed that various freshwater fish play the role of a second intermediate host for zoonotic trematodes (O. viverrini, H. yokogawai, H. pumilio, C. formosanus, and Procerovum sp.) in Cambodia.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2017

The metacercariae of Artyfechinostomum malayanum (Leiper, 1911) Mendheim, 1943 were discovered in Pila sp. snails purchased from a market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. They were isolated from the snails using the artificial digestion technique and were orally fed to 2 hamsters, 1 rat, and 2 mice to obtain the adult flukes. The metacercariae were round, $145-165{\mu}m$ in diameter, having a cyst wall of $6-10{\mu}m$ in thickness, a head collar and collar spines, and characteristic features of excretory granules. Adult flukes were recovered in the small intestines of the animals at days 14 and 32 post infection and were morphologically observed using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. They were plump or elongated, ventrally curved, $6.0-8.1{\times}1.6-2.0mm$ in size, and characterized by the head collar bearing 43 collar spines, including 5 end group ones on each side, a long cirrus sac extending beyond the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, a submedian ovary, and 2 deeply lobed testes. Eggs in uteri were operculate, ovoid to ellipsoid, and $120-135{\times}68-75{\mu}m$ in size. In scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent with collar spines looking like horns. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the ventral surface between the head collar and ventral sucker. Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around suckers. By this study, it has been first confirmed that the life cycle of A. malayanum exists in Cambodia.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2015

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers in South East Asian countries including Cambodia, where prevalence of chronic carriers of hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) is reported to be very high. We reviewed HCC cases admitted to a cancer hospital in Phnom Penh, which is the only one hospital for cancer treatment and care in Cambodia during the study period. Materials and Methods: Information was collected from medical records of 281 cases (210 males and 71 females) diagnosed as primary HCC from 2006 to 2011. Results: The subjects were 7-81 years old with a median age of 53 years. Hypochondriac pain was the most common complained symptom (74%). One third of the cases presented with jaundice. Nearly half had ascites at their first visit. One third had liver cirrhosis. Nearly three fourths of the cases presented with tumor sized more than 50 mm in diameter, and in almost all cases (97.4%) the size was more than 20 mm. Among 209 subjects tested, hepatitis virus carriers were 75.6%; 46.4% for HBV only, 21.5% for HCV only, and 7.7% for both viral infections. Median age of patients with HBV was about ten years younger than those with HCV. Conclusions: This study revealed the characteristics of HCC cases in Cambodia, although there were several limitations. Most HCC cases were infected with HBV and/or HCV, and diagnosed at late stages with complications. This implicated that public health intervention to prevent HBV and HCV infection is of high priority.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.165-182
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• 2009

본 연구는 캄보디아의 내륙수로인 프놈펜-총크니아스항 내륙수로 구간에 대한 교통안전시설사업의 경제성 분석을 다루었다. 이 분석에서 B/C의 값은 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 산출되었다. 대상 사업의 비용 및 편익은 3.5%의 할인율을 적용하여 2009년의 현재가치로 환산되었다. 편익의 경우 사업에 대한 비관적, 중도적, 그리고 낙관적 전망의 편익을 각각 최소, 최빈, 그리고 최대값으로 하는 삼각분포로 가정하였다. 대안별 비용은 해당 총비용의 10%를 표준편차로 하는 정규분포로 가정되었다. 시뮬레이션 결과로서 대안 A의 B/C 평균은 0.25이며, 90% 신뢰구간은 0.16~0.35로 나타났다. 대안 B는 B/C의 평균이 0.10이고, 90% 신뢰구간이 0.06~0.13로 나타났다. 대안 C의 경우에는 평균 0.15과 0.12~0.19의 90% 신뢰구간을 보였다. 결론적으로 모든 대안에서 B/C가 1보다 낮아서 연구대상 구간의 교통안전시설에 대한 경제적 타당성은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 본 교통안전시설사업에 대한 시행여부는 정책적 분석까지 고려하여 결정되어야 할 것이다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.695-699
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• 2020

Present study was performed to know the infection status of Gnathostoma sp. larvae in swamp eels from Cambodia. We purchased total 30 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from local markets in Pursat and Takeo Provinces and Phnom Penh on May and November 2017 and May 2018. All collected eels were transferred to our laboratory with ice and each of them was examined by artificial digestion method. A total of 15 larval gnathostomes (1-5 larvae) were detected from 55.6% (5/9) swamp eels in Pursat Province. No larval gnathostomes were found in 21 swamp eels in Takeo Province and Phnom Penh. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) detected were 2.575-3.825 (3.250) mm in length and 0.375-0.425 (0.386) mm in width. They had the characteristic head bulb (av. 0.104×0.218 mm) with 4 rows of hooklets, long muscular esophagus (1.048 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.615 mm). The number of hooklets in 4 rows on the head bulb was 41, 44, 47, and 50. In scanning electron microscopy, characteristic features were 4 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, cervical papillae, tegumental spines regularly arranged in transverse striations, and anus. The larval gnathostomes were identified as AdL3 of Gnathostoma spinigerum based on the morphological characters. By the present study, it has been confirmed that G. spinigerum larvae are infected in Asian swamp eels, M. albus, in Pursat Province, Cambodia.