• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.163-191
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors affecting the welfare needs of the rural marriage migrant females. A survey was conducted on 300 rural marriage migration females using probability sampling and for the analysis stepwise regression was used. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows. The welfare needs of counselling on husband' behavior problem were higher in cases of worse mental health, better physical health, younger age and lower participation in the meetings with her fellow countrymen. The welfare needs on the children raising and education were relatively higher among the migrant females from Vietnam and younger age. The needs on the job skills training were lower in cases of the migrant females from Philippines, China(the Chinese) and were higher in cases of lower level of family understanding. The welfare needs on the job placement were higher among older and lower community affinity, and were lower in cases of the migrant females from Philippines. The results suggest that the welfare services should be differently provided to the migrant females in reflection of the age, education level, nationality and community resources. Further, the mental health screening test and treatment services for migrant females are needed since the welfare needs increase when the migration females have worse mental health condition.

• Strategy21
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• s.38
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• pp.287-320
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• 2015

On October 27, 2015, USS Lassen(DDG82), a 9,200 ton class Aegis destroyer of the United States Navy, began its operations within 12 nautical miles of Subi Reef, one of the seven artificial islands that China has built and claimed sovereignty over. The maneuver was joined by anti-submarine patrol airplanes such as P-8A and P-3. The White House press secretary mentioned that the President of the United States approved the operation. In response, China announced that it warned the US Navy ship about the 'illegal violation' by sending two destroyers(PLAN Lanzhou and Taizhou). This event represents a close call case where tension between the United States and China in the South China Sea might have been elevated to a conflict between the two navies. Moreover, considering that this happened only one month after Chinese president Xi's state visit to the United States, the event shows that the positions of the two countries have become starkly different to the extent that they are so hard to be reconciled. The United States' position is different from those of Vietnam and the Philippines. Countries like Vietnam and the Philippines have been directly involved in disputes with regard to sovereignty claims across the waters in the South China sea. As for the United States, being a third party in the disputes, it still cannot be a by-stander watching the whole waters in the region fall under the influence of China. Accordingly, the United States maintains that all countries bear the rights of innocent passage and military operations in the Exclusive Economic Zones(EEZ) as stipulated by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS). In contrast, China claims that, historically, the South China sea has been part of China's territorial waters, and that foreign countries are not allowed to conduct military operations within the waters. It strongly accuses that such military operations are illegal. Against this background, this paper tracks the different positions of the United States and China on the issues regarding the South China sea. It also carefully looks at the possibility that, in the process of dealing with the issues, the two countries may get into an armed conflict as the phrase 'Thucydides Trap' predicts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.69-83
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• 2018

The South China Sea (SCS) is a typical marginal sea characterized with the deep basin, shelf break, shallow shelf, many straits, and complex bathymetry. This study investigated the tidal characteristics and propagation, and reproduced typhoon-induced storm surge in this region using the regional real-time tide-surge model, which was based on the unstructured grid, resolving in detail the region of interest and forced by tide at the open boundary and by wind and air pressure at the surface. Typhoon Haiyan, which occurred in 2013 and caused great damage in the Philippines, was chosen as a case study to simulate typhoon's impact. Amplitudes and phases of four major constituents were reproduced reasonably in general, and the tidal distributions of four constituents were similar to the previous studies. The modelled tide seemed to be within the acceptable levels, considering it was difficult to reproduce the tide in this region based on the previous studies. The free oscillation experiment results described well the feature of tide that the diurnal tide is prevailing in the SCS. The tidal residual current and total energy dissipation were discussed to understand the tidal and sedimentary environments. The storm-surge caused by typhoon Haiyan was reasonably simulated using this modeling system. This study established the regional real-time barotropic tide/water level prediction system for the South China Sea including the seas around the Philippines through the validation of the model and the understanding of tidal characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 1993

Surface charge characteristics of Ultisol(Luisiana soil from Philippines), Alfisol(Maahas soil from Philippines), and Inceptisol(Yongii soil from Korea) were studied by way of potentiometric titration, backtitration technique, and ion adsorption method(or CEC - AEC method). The PZNC(point of zero net charge) values determined by ion adsorption method were much lower than the natural pHs in all soils, indicating that all soil samples bore net negative surface charge. The PZSE (point of zero salt effect) values determined by potentiometric titration and backtitration technique were identical in Luisiana and Yongii soils but not in Maaghas soil. All soils showed higher PZSE values than PZNC values probably due to the influence of permanent negative charge. The permanent charge calculated by the theory of Uehara and Gillman (1980) occupied quite low portion of the CEC measured at pH 7 in all soils. Backtitration technique corrected errors of potentiometric titration at extreme pH. However, it still overestimate the surface charge compared with ion adsorption method. Therefore, the ion adsorption method was recommanded for the surface charge measurement of the usual soils which have high negative charge components.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.250-261
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• 2016

The Philippines is a naturally water-rich archipelago capable of sustaining its ecological goods and providing services and needs of its people. Several waterbodies have been declared as natural wetlands in the country supporting the needs of community like water and food. In this study, 65 natural wetlands were considered including six sites that were identified as 'Wetlands of International Importance' such as Naujan Lake National Park, Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Las $Pi{\tilde{n}}as-Para{\tilde{n}}aque$ Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area and Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park. There are 22 wetland types presented in this research categorizing the Philippine wetlands. Philippine wetlands are now facing tremendous challenges such as land use conversion, abuse of resources, pollution coming from domestic, industrial and agricultural activities, and climate change. This paper provides an overview of Philippine wetlands in terms of their characteristics and components, impacts in the ecosystem, and the challenges they are dealing with. Moreover, the preservation measures that the government and private agencies implements to these wetlands were discussed and assessed. The enforcement of local and national laws concerning wetlands is found to be inadequate resulting in poor quality wetlands. The preservation and utilization of these wetlands can be maximized with a voluntary participation of whole Philippine community.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.139-146
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• 2017

This study was an attempt to review of tuberculosis control projects supported by(Official Development Assistance: ODA) and to describe the meaning of the influencing factors. Also, the study aims to determine the exit strategies of donor countries to sustain these projects. The research was conducted reviewing of tuberculosis-related reports and documents, and understood the tuberculosis control projects in Philippines. There were 14 people who participated, and explored the sustainability limits using in-depth interviewing and observation method. Data from interviews and participant observations were analyzed to the phenomenological method by Colaizzi(1978). A total 4 categories were grouped on the final. The finding shows factors that affect the sustainability of these tuberculosis control projects within Philippines supported by ODA have been divided and explained as follow; "limit of workforce", "limit of finance", "limit of facility and equipment", "limit of participation". To sustain these projects, the following alternative plans have been exemplified; "strengthening professionalism", "strengthening education and public relations", "activated strategy for community involvement", "matching funds for financing". Furthermore, the study of integrated tuberculosis control projects will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.699-710
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• 2009

If a country has her geoid model, it could be determine accurate orthometric height because the geoid model could provide continuous equi-gravity potential surface. And it is possible to improve the coordinates accuracy of national control points through geodetic network adjustment considering geoidal heights. This study aims to find the best way to develop geoid model in Philippines which have similar topographic conditions as like Malaysia and Indonesia in Eastsouth asia. So, in this study, it is surveyed the general theories of geoid determination and development cases of geoid model in Asia and it is computed that the geoidal heights and gravity anomalies by spherical harmonic analysis using EGM2008, the latest earth geopotential model. The results show that first, the development of gravimetric geoid model based on airborne gravimetry is needed and second, about 200 GPS surveying data at national benchmark is needed. It is concluded that it is the most reasonable way to develop the hybrid geoid model through fitting geometric geoid by GPS/leveling data to gravimetric geoid. Also, it is proposed that four band spherical Fast fourier transformation(FFT) method for evaluation of Stokes integration and remove and restore technique using EGM2008 and SRTM for calculation of gravimetric geoid model and least square collocation algorithm for calculation of hybrid geoid model.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2015

We investigated the physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds in Taiwan Apple Mango (TAM) and Philippines Carabao Mango (PCM). The volatile flavor compounds were extracted using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by GC/MS. TAM and PCM have significantly different chemical composition, except for their crude ash. The moisture and crude fat contents were higher in TAM, whereas the crude protein and carbohydrate contents were higher in PCM. The major free sugars in order of concentration were sucrose, fructose, and glucose. We identified 56 and 59 volatile flavor compounds in TAM and PCM, respectively. Terpenes and their derivatives comprised 94.42% of the volatile flavor compounds in TAM, but only 63.79% of those in PCM. The acidic compound contents were higher in PCM than in TAM. ${\delta}$-3-Carene was the dominant flavor compound in these two mango cultivars. ${\alpha}$-Copaene, ${\alpha}$-guaiene, germacrene D, ${\alpha}$-bulnesene, and ${\gamma}$-gurjunene were found only in TAM, whereas ${\beta}$-myrcene, ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, ${\alpha}$-terpinolene, and cis-3-hexenyl butyrate were identified in PCM. Based on the results, we suggest that these compounds might contribute to the distinguishing flavor properties in different varieties of mango.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.431-443
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• 2010

The morphometric characteristics of 13 alluvial fans in the southern parts of the Korean Peninsula are studied and relationships between their distributions and causes are discussed by comparing them with 690 alluvial fans in Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. The relationships between the surface gradient of alluvial fans and source basin area, the surface gradient and the relief ratio of the source basin, and the source basin area and the relief ratio were investigated. The alluvial fans in South Korea have typical characteristics of the Asian fans, although their frequency and density are relatively low, and the size and the relief ratio of their source basins are relatively small and steep, respectively. Moreover 36 major Korean river basins without alluvial fans tend to have lower altitude and relief ratios. Contrary to the argument by Blair and McPherson, the natural depositional gaps on the gradient of alluvial fans were not found. The Gyeongju alluvial fan is probably a fluvial fan with gentle gradient, whereas the other Korean fans seem to be debris-flow related on the base of their gradients.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.123-151
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• 2018

The purposes of this study were to examine the current status of ICT in all ASEAN countries and to provide implications for Korea to find appropriate ways to support and collaborate with HEIs in ASEAN countries. To achieve these purposes, ASEAN countries were categorized into 3 groups based on the development stages of ICT, and the key ICT initiatives, current facts about ICT, and related issues were analyzed. The results of the study were as follows: Group 1 countries, Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, with relatively well-established ICT infrastructure, have established their own ICT policies and initiated e-learning programs. Group 2 countries, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, which have relatively well-developed ICT infrastructure with existing regional gaps, showed different uses of ICT in higher education. Philippines and Thailand established their own policies based on national ICT master plans while Indonesia focused on MOOCs and Vietnam initiated cyber university projects. Group 3 countries, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar, with the least developed ICT infrastructure in ASEAN, have also tried to develop national level strategies to utilize ICT in higher education. However, insufficient and inadequate ICT infrastructure created issues and challenges for these countries to successfully initiate ICT policies. This study suggested that it is necessary to take into serious consideration the national differences when collaborating with and supporting ASEAN countries due to the variation of ICT development stages and different levels of using ICT in higher education among ASEAN countries.