• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.809-827
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• 2017

Steam explosion was applied to extract phenolic compounds from oak wood (Quercus mongolica). The effects of three independent factors (ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time) on the total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and antimicrobial activity from the steam exploded oak wood were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables were coded at three levels and their actual values were selected on the basis of preliminary experimental results. The following optimal extraction conditions were selected: ethanol concentration 82.0%, extraction temperature $71.7^{\circ}C$, and extraction time 60.5 min for total phenolic content; ethanol concentration 78.3%, extraction temperature $70.3^{\circ}C$, and extraction time 57.6 min for DPPH radical scavenging activity; ethanol concentration 80.6%, extraction temperature $68.4^{\circ}C$, and extraction time 59.0 min for antimicrobial activity. The experimental values agreed with those were predicted within confidence intervals indicating the suitability of RSM in optimizing the ethanol extraction of phenolic compounds from the steam exploded oak wood. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental value of the total phenolic content was 111.8 mg GAE/g dry steam exploded oak wood, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 65.7%, and antimicrobial activity was 17.0 mm, and those are reasonably close to the predicted values (109.2 mg GAE/g dry steam exploded oak wood, 62.3% and 15.9 mm, respectively).

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1464-1469
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• 2009

Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa), one of the most widely used medicinal herbs, was dried with various methods such as sun drying, hot air drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying methods, and their effects on the antioxidant capacity in relation with the content of total phenolic compounds were studied with a steamed-and-dried rehmannia (sookjiwhang) for comparison. Generally, total phenolic contents decreased significantly by all of the drying treatments except the steamed-and-dried rehmannia, in which total phenolic contents increased 2.4 fold compared with fresh rehmannia. Content of verbascoside, a functional phenolic compound, was the highest in the freeze-dried rehmannia ($177.97{\pm}0.02\;{\mu}g/g$ d.m.) followed by vacuum-dried ($105.55{\pm}0.07\;{\mu}g/g$ d.m.), hot air-dried ($23.01{\pm}0.02\;{\mu}g/g$ d.m.), and sun-dried ($4.89{\pm}0.13\;{\mu}g/g$ d.m.) ones comparable to the fresh rehmannia ($80.15{\pm}1.26\;{\mu}g/g$ d.m.). Antioxidant capacity determined by both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) methods agreed with the result of total phenolic contents, that is, the antioxidant capacity was the highest in the steamed-and-dried rehmannia followed by fresh rehmannia, vacuum-dried, hot air-dried, sun-dried, and freeze-dried ones. Conclusively, the total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of rehmannia were greatly affected by the drying methods used.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

Background: The study of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidative activity in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots with respect to cultivation years, and has been little reported to date. Hence, this study examined the phenolic compounds profiles and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activities in the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) as a function of cultivation year. Methods: Profiling of 23 phenolic compounds in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with the external calibration method. Antioxidative activity of ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots were evaluated using the method of DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity. Results: The total phenol content in ginseng fruit and leaves was higher than in ginseng roots (p < 0.05), and the phenol content in the ginseng samples was significantly correlated to the DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity ($r=0.928^{****}$). In particular, p-coumaric acid ($r=0.847^{****}$) and ferulic acid ($r=0.742^{****}$) greatly affected the DPPH activity. Among the 23 phenolic compounds studied, phenolic acids were more abundant in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots than the flavonoids and other compounds (p < 0.05). In particular, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, p- and m-coumaric acid, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds in 3e6-yr-old ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the antioxidative activity and phenolic compounds profiles in fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng with cultivation years. This information is potentially useful to ginseng growers and industries involved in the production of high-quality and nutritional ginseng products.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.216-221
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• 2004

발아에 의한 거대배아미의 생리활성 변화를 70% 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 검토하였다. 생리활성의 변화는 시료의 환원력과 페놀 화합물의 함량, 항변이원설, 그리고 정상세포에 대한 세포독성을 측정함으로써 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 무발아 조건에서 환원력은 남풍거대배아미 >일반미 >화청거대배아미의 순서였으나, 발아처리하면 화청거대배아미 >남풍거대배아미 >일반미의 순서로 활성이 변화하였다. 남풍거대배아미와 일반미는 발아처리로 환원력이 감소하는데 반하여, 화청거대배아미는 약 3배 증가하였다. 무발아 조건에서 3품종의 쌀은 거의 비슷한 수준의 페놀 화합물 함량을 보였다. 반면, 발아처리는 남풍거대배아미와 일반미의 페놀 화합물 함량에 크게 영향을 주지 않은 반면, 남풍거대배아미의 페놀 함량을 2.6배 증가시켰다. $GABA({\gamma}-aminobutyric acid)$ 함량을 측정한 결과, 발아처리에 관계없이 함량은 화청거대배아미 >남풍거대배아미 >일반미의 순서였고 발아처리는 모든 품종에서 2.4배 이상의 함량증가를 일으켰다. 추출물의 항변이원성을 조사한 결과, 발아처리에 의하여 모든 품종에서 항변이원성이 2.7배 이상 증가하였지만, 발아 화청거대배아미의 항변이원성이 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.138-142
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• 2001

Solid contents, free sugars, phenlic compounds and glycyrrhizin of extracts obtained from by-products of Glycyrrhizia uralensis by three different methods, i.e., shaking, heating, and static methods, were determined. Solid contents of extracts obtained by shaking, heating and static method were 15.6%, 15.0% and 5.3%, respectively. Phenolic compound contents of them were 11.33 mg/100 mL, 11.21 mg/100mL and 10.15 mg/100 mL. Main free sugars in the extracts from the by-products of G. uralensis were fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose. Glycyrrhizin content of the extracts from the by-products of G. uralensis were 2.79%, 3.54% and 0.63%, respectively. Extract obtained by the shaking methods had an ability of donating electron to DPPH. The relative antioxidant effects of th extract obtained from the shaking method showed 70% inhibitory effect of peroxidation on egg yolk lecithin.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.116-120
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• 2004

In order to investigate low molecular antioxidants synthesized by enhanced UV-B radiation, we used the seedlings of two rice varieties. Woonjangbyeo, UV-tolerant, and Hwajoongbyeo, UV-susceptible, were subjected under supplemental UV-B irradiation. When rice seedlings were irradiated with UV light for short period, biosynthesis of total phenolic compound, ascorbate and glutathione were momently reduced. With an increase of UV-B radiation, however, those were slightly synthesized. The content of lipid peroxides in UV-challenged rice leaves was considerably increased after 12 hrs of UV-B treatment. Lipoxygenase activity under supplemental UV-B radiation was differently responded on rice varieties.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 1985

맥류작물(麥類作物)(밀.호밀) 잔여물(殘餘物)에 존재(存在)하는 phenolic compounds를 抽出(추출) 분리(分離) 동정(同定) 및 이들 작물(作物)이 주요(主要) 생육기간중(生育期間中) total phenol 함량(含量)을 측정(測定)하고, 동정(同定)된 주요(主要) 표준(標準) pheonlic compounds 및 잔여물(殘餘物) 수용추출액(水溶抽出液)이 벼와 잡초(雜草)의 발아(發芽) 및 생육(生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 밀과 호밀의 잔여물(殘餘物)로부터 동정(同定)된 phenolic compounds는 p- coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, ferulic, salicylic, syringic산(酸) 등(等)이었다. Total pheonl 함량(含量)은 출추기(出穗期)에 호밀짚 0.1803%, 밀짚 0.1702%로 분얼기(分蘖期) 및 출수기(出穗期)에 비(比)해 많았고, 모든 시기(時期)에서 뿌리보다 짚 부위(部位)가 높았다. 표준(標準) Phenolic compounds의 종류(種類), 농도(濃度) 및 잡초(雜草)의 종(種)에 따라 발아(發芽) 및 생육(生育)에 다양(多樣)한 반응(反應)을 나타내었는데, 벼, 피, 너도방동산이, 쇠비름, 참비름, 바랭이, 명아주는 처리(處理)한 phenolic compounds의 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 발아(發芽) 생육(生育)에 억제효과(抑制效果)를 나타내었으나, 가래의 경우(境遇) 처리초기(處理初期)엔 발아(發芽) 및 신초생육이 현저(顯著)하게 촉진(促進)되나, 처리후(處理後) 45일(日)째 p-hydroxybenzoic 산(酸) $10^{-2}M$ 처리(處理)에서 신초(新梢) 및 뿌리의 생육(生育), 건물중(乾物重)이 각각(各各) 18.5%, 69.0%, 74.5% 감소(減少)되었다. 호밀 및 밀의 수용추출액(水溶抽出液)은 벼와 논 잡초(雜草)인 피, 너도방동산이의 신초 및 뿌리 생육(生育)과 발아(發芽)를 뚜렷하게 억제(抑制)시키나, 가래의 발아(發芽)와 초기생육(初期生育)은 현저(顯著)하게 촉진(促進)되었다. 밭 잡초(雜草)의 경우(境遇), 밀의 수용추출액(水溶抽出液)은 참비름을, 호밀의 수용추출액(水溶抽出液)은 참비름과 명아주의 발아(發芽)를 최고(最高) 100%까지 억제(抑制)시켰다. 가래 인경(鱗莖)의 저장물질(貯藏物質)인 전분(澱分)과 단백질(蛋白質)의 함량(含量)은 p-hydroxybenzoic 산(酸) 처리구(處理區)가 무처리구(無處理區)에 비(比)해 낮았다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2000

본 연구는 인위적인 공기공급이 토양내에 존재하는 페놀화합물들의 분해효과에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 페놀화합물들로는 페놀, 2,4-DCP, 그리고 PCP를 선정하였다. 실험에 사용된 토양은 sandy loam이었으며 모든 실험은 $25^{\circ}C$ 항온에서 실시하였다. 수분함량은 토양미생물 활성에 적합하도록 15%로 하였다. 공기공급에 의하여 휘발되는 페놀화합물들은 메틸렌클로라이드 용매를 통과시킨 후 배출하였다. 페놀화합물들은 개별화합물로 토양에 오염시켰으며 시너지효과 등은 고려하지 않았다. 공기공급은 페놀의 제거속도를 향상시켰으나 2,4-DCP, 그리고 PCP의 경우에는 뚜렷한 제거효율 증가를 볼 수 없었다. 약 30일간 공기공급시 페놀의 휘발량은 초기 토양에 오염시킨 페놀량의 약 0.3%로 무시할 정도로 작았다. 각 화합물의 반응속도를 0차반응과 1차반응에 적용시킨 결과 1차반응 모델이 더 적합하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.411-417
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• 2012

Ginseng seeds were treated with different autoclaving temperatures and autoclaving times, and extracted with 80% methanol to measure changes in antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of ginseng seeds treated by autoclaving was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-aziono-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase SOD-like activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total phenolic compound content. As autoclaving temperature and time were increased, the L lightness value decreased and the redness value tended to increase. Total phenolic compound content was about three times higher in ginseng seeds treated with autoclaving at 130°C than in ginseng seeds that were not treated. DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity increased as autoclaving temperature and time were increased. In particular, when the concentration was 100 ppm, the ABTS radical scavenging activity was 91.80% in ginseng seeds treated by autoclaving at $130^{\circ}C$, which was the highest antioxidant activity. FRAP and SOD-like antioxidant activity tended to increase significantly as autoclaving temperature and time were increased.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.204-212
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• 2014

The bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of aronia leaves at different stages of maturity were identified and evaluated. Young and old leaves were approximately 2 months of age and 4 months of age, respectively. The young leaves contained more polyphenols and flavonoids than the old leaves. Three phenolic compounds (i.e., chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rutin) were detected by HPLC. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. The reducing power of aronia leaf extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner ($0{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$). The antioxidant activity of the 80% ethanol extract was greater than that of distilled water extract. The high phenolic compound content indicated that these compounds contribute to antioxidant activity. The overall results indicate that aronia leaves contain bioactive compounds, and that younger aronia leaves may be more favorable for extracting antioxidative ingredients because they contain more polyphenols.