• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.371-374
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• 2005

The compositions and antioxidant activities of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids, which are aglycones of esterified phenolic acids, in wild ginseng leaves were investigated. The contents of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the wild ginseng leaves were $422.4\;{\pm}\;3.5$ and $319.6\;{\pm}\;5.7\;mg/100\;g$, respectively, as gallic acid equivalents. Free phenolic acids were composed of 55.3% benzoic acid derivatives and 44.6% phenylpropanoids. The major constituents of free phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were syringic (139.4 mg/l00 g) and sinapic (131.2 mg/100 g) acids. On the other hand, hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were mainly composed of caffeic (59.4 mg/100 g), ferulic (49.5 mg/100 g), and p-coumaric (33.8 mg/100g) acids. Phenylpropanoid content was higher (82.7%) than benzoic acid derivatives (17.3%). $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging activity were $10.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ for tree phenolic acids and 8.0 mg/mL for hydrolyzed phenolic acids, as gallic acid equivalents. Hydrolyzed phenolic acids also exhibited higher hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities than free phenolic acids did. These results indicated that the antioxidant activities of the wild ginseng leaves were correlated more closely with phenylpropanoid contents than with total amount of phenolics.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.316-320
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• 1997

Phenolic acids are regarded as harmful materials in food and environment science but recently, as useful materials, and thus adsorption is recommended as an effective separation technique to recover or remove phenolic acids from diluted solution. If the adsorbed phenolic compounds were useful materials, the materials should be recovered through desorption. Desorption using supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-$CO_2$) was tried to separate food-borne phenolic acids from charcoal in single solute system. In the comparisons of desorption amounts, gallic acid had the lowest lolubiligy to SC-$CO_2$. Gallic acid has more hydroxy functional groups than the other phenolic acids, which was immiscible with nonpolar SC-$CO_2$. Ferulic acid was yielded more than p-coumaric acid, because ferulic acid had much bigger molecular weight, which was affected more by van der Waas force. It was found that the most affecting factor on desorption amounts was the solubility of phenolic acids to SC-$CO_2$. The second affecting factor was van der Waals force. Response surface methodology(RSM) was conducted to read the trend of desorption. Increasing density of SC-$CO_2$ raised solubility of phenolic acids.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.379-383
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• 2007

The effects of phenolic acids on the physical properties of wheat flour extrudate were investigated. Ferulic acid, fumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid were mixed with hard wheat flour, respectively, and extruded under a twin screw extruder. We found that by adding the phenolic acids, longitudinal expansion at the die increased, textural hardness decreased, and the water absorption capacity of the extrudate decreased. The results showed that the addition of phenolic acids produced a softer textured, more longitudinally puffed and hydrophobic extrudate compared to the control extrudate. Moreover, the addition of phenolic acids did not significantly affect the color of the extrudate: oxidative browning of the phenolic acids was not observed, due to inactivation of the browning enzymes under the hot temperature and reduced oxygen conditions of the extrusion process.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.20-24
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• 2007

된장모델로서 0.1M glucose-0.1M glutamic acid 모델을 선정하고 0.2mM $FeCl_{2}$의 존재 하에 갈변억제제인 50mM citric acid와 이의 synergist로 5종의 phenolic acids를 첨가하여 조제한 시료를 $4^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$에서 4주간 저장하면서 phenolic acids가 갈변억제에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 그 결과 phenolic acids 첨가에 따른 갈변억제효과는$4^{\circ}C$의 저온에서보다 $30^{\circ}C$의 실온에서 저장시 pH의 변화 없이 더욱 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 5종의 phenolic acids 중에서 hydroxybenzoic acid는 갈변억제능이 가장 높아, 갈변억제능은 $30^{\circ}C$에서 4주간 저장후 phenolic acids 무첨가구보다 13%가 높았다. Caffeic acid와 protocatechuic acid와 같이 OH기가 2개 치환된 phenolic acid는 Maillard 반응의 촉매로 작용하는 철 이온과의 결합능이 높아 Maillard 반응이 보다 더 억제되어 3-DG 및 형광화합물과 같은 중간반응산물의 생성을 가장 억제하였으나, 이들 phenolic acids는 유색의 착체를 형성하여 동일계의 OH기가 0, 1개 치환된 phenolic acids보다 갈변도는 오히려 증가하였다. Hydroxybenzoic acid는 실제 된장에도 사용가능한 첨가물로서 citric acid를 갈변억제제로 사용시 이의 synergist로 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.107.1-112
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• 1992

Free-, soluble- and insoluble phenolic acids were extracted from defatted Galla Rhois. The extracts were then dissolved in equal amounts of an soybean oil, and POV (peroxide value) of the resulting substrates, portion of the soybean oil (control) and 0.02% BHT were measured by AOM (active oxygen method) test at 97.8$^{\circ}C$ for 40 hours through Rancimat method. Induction period of control, BHT, free phenolic acids, soluble phenolic acids and insoluble phenolic acids by the Rancimat method were 4.8, 10.5, 23.9 and 30.5hr. The phenolic acids separated and tentati-vely identified by gas chromatography were catechol, gallic acid, vanillin, protocatechuic acid, syri-ngic acid, ferulic acid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 1990

Influences of plant phenolic acids and their possible metabolites(non-phenolic aromatic acids involved) in the rumen on the cellulolytic activity of mixed rumen populations were examined by a simple in vitro culture technique. Initial concentrations of aromatic acids were 1, 5, 10 and 20 mM/l. All the tested aromatic acids reduced microbial cellulose digestion especially at the higher initial concentration. P-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid and cinnamic acid, those having unhydrogenated propenoic side chain were more inhibitory than were 3-phenylpropinic acid and phloretic acid, those having hydrogenated propanoic side chain. Lag-time for cellulose digestion was prolonged by former three acids by 16 h. Apparent reduction in p-coumaric acid concentration was observed at 24 h when cellulose digestion began. Volatile fatty acid productions from cellulose fermentation were shifted by former three aromatic acids to produce more acetate and less propionate. This suggests that the selection of celluloytic organisms was induced by these aromatic acids.

• Mycobiology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2005

High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of mycelia of Sclerotium rolfsii grown in broth medium supplemented with garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) was carried out to estimate qualitative and quantitative changes in phenolic acids. Several phenolic acids, such as gallic, chlorogenic; ferulic, o-coumaric and cinnamic acids were detected in varied amounts in mycelia grown on such media as compared to control. Phenolic acids represents a wide range of secondary metabolite found in the cells of plants and microbes including fungi. The growth characters of S. rolfsii in various supplements also varied from thin and transparent to thick and opaque.

• 약학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.129-132
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• 1982

A GC/MS method was developed to analyze phenolic acid extract from tobacco leaf. Extracted acids were converted to their methyl esters by refluxing with 3M hydrogen chloride in methanol, and the esters were reacted with his (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide plus 10% trimethylchlorosilane to silylate the phenolic groups. Derivatives of standard salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, gentisic, p-coumaric, syringic, ferulic, and sinapic acids prepared by this procedure were analyzed by GC/MS on $20m{\times}0.2mm$ column of SE-54 glass capillary. GC/MS analysis of the extract from tobacco leaf revealed the presence of salicylic, p-hydtoxybenzoic, vanillic, gentisic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric, syringic, gallic, ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, and quinic acids, respectively. The quantitative analysis of these phenolic acids were achieved by using multiple ion selection technique.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.123-127
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• 1998

Fixed-bed adsorption was adapted to separate phenolic acids from diluted phenolic solution. Break-through curve was obtained by nonlinear curve fitting method, and breakpoint, saturation time, and mass transfer coeffi-cient were calculated . Break point and saturation time were reached slower with $\rho$-coumaric acid than ferulic acid .The p-coumaric acid, having small molecular weight, is suposedly traveled longer pathway in characoal than ferulic acid. Fixed-bed adsorption iwht gallic acid having more hydroxyl functional group than other phenolic acids showed break point arrival and the largest saturation time. This fact means that there was bigger electrostatic affinity between gallic acid and charcoal than between other phenolic acids and charcoal.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2002

밤 삽피의 천연 항산화제로서의 이용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 밤 삽피로부터 유리형(EPA), 에스데르형(EPA), 결합형(BPA) 페놀산 획분을 분리하였다. 각 획분의 수율은 유리형 0.794%, 에스테르형 1.236%,결합형이 1.937%였으며 이중 페놀성 화합물의 함량은 에스테르형이 65.19%로 가장 높았다. Gas chromatography로 각 획분의 페놀산의 조성과 함량을 조사한 결과 유리형 획분에서 gallic acid(4.63%), ellagic acid(3.49%), salicylic acid(3.19%), gentisic acid(1.5%)가, 에스테르형 획분에서 gallic acid(13.4%), ellagic acid(11.6), protocatechuic acid(0.9%)가 주요 페놀산으로 확인 되었으며,결합형 획분에서는 gallic acid는 확인되지 않고 다른 획분에 비하여 sinapic acid(1.33%)가 높은 함량을 보였다. 이들 획분의 항산화성을 DPPH 라디칼 소거능, hydroxyl radical 소거능, 지질과산화물 생성 억제 시험으로 조사한 결과 유리형, 에스데르형, 결합형 획분의 순으로 항산화 활성이 우수한 것으로 조사되었다.