• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.31A no.9
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• pp.26-33
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• 1994

In this paper, the performance of the trellis coded CPFSK with the coherent detection over mobile communication channels is calculated. The characteristics of channels, including phase jitter effects and fading effects, are examined and modeled. The phase jitter channel is modeled to have a nonzero mean and a gaussian distribution. The fading channel has a Rayleigh distribution in the multipath. For the optimal decoding method(MLSE), the Viterbi algorithm is used for the trellis structure of trellis coded CPFSK. The results indicate that the trellis coded CPFSK with a small moulation indes gets more sensitive, as the index gets smaller, to the phase noise under the phase jitter channel. Using the interleaving method. It gives considerable improvements in the error rate under the fading channel.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.7
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2008

Most faults are single-phase-to-ground fault in ungrounded system. The fault currents of single-phase-to-ground are much smaller than detection thresholds of measurement devices, so detecting single-phase-to-ground faults is difficult and important in ungrounded system. This paper proposed to a FI(Fault Indicator) generation algorithm in ungrounded system. The algorithm just using line-to-line voltage and zero-sequence current detects fault line, fault phase, fault section and FI(Fault Indicator) at terminal device, This paper also proposed to application plan for this algorithm. In the case study, the proposed algorithm has been testified in demo system by Matlab/Simulink simulations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.275-282
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• 2008

This paper presents numerical investigation of multi-phase flow in solid rocket motor nozzle and effect of multi-phases on the performance prediction of the Solid Rocket Motor. Aluminized propellants are frequently used in solid rocket motors to increase specific impulse. An Eulerian-Lagrangian description has been used to analyze the motion of the micrometer sized and discrete phase that consist of the larger particulates present in the Solid Rocket Motor. Uniform particles diameters and Rosin-Rammler diameter distribution method has been used for the simulation of different burning of aluminum droplets generating aluminum oxide smokes. Roe-FDS scheme has been used to simulate the effects of the multi-phase flow. The results obtained show the sensitivity of this distribution to the nozzle flow dynamics, primarily at the nozzle inlet and exit. The analysis also provides effect of two phases on performance prediction of Solid Rocket Motor.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2021

In the present paper we have investigated the Stoneley wave propagation at the interface of two dissimilar homogeneous nonlocal magneto-thermoelastic media under the effect of hall current applied to multi-dual-phase lag heat transfer. The secular equations of Stoneley waves have been derived by using appropriate boundary conditions. The wave characteristics such as attenuation coefficients, temperature distribution and phase velocity are computed and have been depicted graphically. Effect of nonlocal parameter and hall effect are studied on the attenuation coefficient, phase velocity, temperature distribution change, stress component and displacement component. Also, some particular cases have been discussed from the present study.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.559-566
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• 2015

The main objective of this work is to experimentally investigate the effect of angle variation on the distribution of two-phase flow at header-channel junctions. The cross-sections of the header and the channels were fixed at $16mm{\times}16mm$ and $12mm{\times}1.8mm$, respectively. Air and water were used as the test fluids. Four different header-channel positions were tested : Vertical header with Horizontal channels (case VM-HC), Horizontal header with Horizontal channels (case HM-HC), Horizontal header with Vertical Downward channels (case HM-VDC), and Horizontal header with Vertical Upward channels (case HM-VUC). In all cases, liquid flow distribution tended to decrease gradually in the upstream header region. However, in the downstream region, different trends could be seen. The reason for these different tendencies were identified by flow visualization in each case. The standard deviations for the liquid and gas flow distribution in each case were calculated, and the case of VM-HC had the lowest values compared to other cases because of the symmetrically distributed liquid film and strong flow recirculation near the end plate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1022-1030
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• 1999

A numerical study was carried out to analyze the effect of flow distribution of stirred part and plug flow part on combustion efficiency at the coal gasification process in an entrained bed coal reactor. The model of computation was based on gas phase eulerian balance equations of mass and momentum. The solid phase was described by lagrangian equations of motion. The $k-{\varepsilon}$ model was used to calculate the turbulence flow and eddy dissipation model was used to describe the gas phase reaction rate. The radiation was solved using a Monte-Carlo method. One-step parallel two reaction model was employed for the devolatilization process of a high volatile bituminous Kideco coal. The computations agreed well with the experiments, but the flame front was closer to the burner than the measured one. The flow distribution of a stirred part and a plug flow part in a reactor was a function of the magnitude of recirculation zone resulted from the swirl. The combustion efficiency was enhanced with decreasing stirred part and the maximum value was found around S=1.2, having the minimum stirred part. The combustion efficiency resulted from not only the flow distribution but also the particle residence time through the hot reaction zone of the stirred part, in particular for the weak swirl without IRZ(internal recirculation zone) and the long lifted flame.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.444-449
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• 2016

The main objective of this work is to experimentally investigate the effect of angle variation and intrusion depth of channels on the distribution of two-phase flow at header-channel junctions. The dimensions of the header and the channels in cross-section were fixed at $16mm{\times}16mm$ and $12mm{\times}1.8mm$, respectively. Air and water were used as the test fluids. Two different header-channel positions were tested : a vertical header with horizontal channels (case VM-HC) and a horizontal header with horizontal channels (case HM-HC). In all cases, the intrusion depths of the channels are 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm. For the case of the intrusion depth of VM-HC, the flow distribution became more uniform. However, the intrusion depth negatively affected the flow distribution for the case of HM-HC because liquid separation delay occurred.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2013

Cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as one of effective methods to enhance the utilization of existing radio spectrum. Main principle of CR is that secondary users (SUs) are allowed to use the spectrum unused by primary users (PUs) without interfering PU's transmissions. In this paper, PUs operate on a slot-by-slot basis and SUs try to exploit the slots unused by PUs. We propose OSA protocols in the single channel and we propose an opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) protocols in the multi-channel cognitive radio networks with one control channel and several licensed channels where a slot is divided into contention phase and transmission phase. A slot is divided into reporting phase, contention phase and transmission phase. The reporting phase plays a role of finding idle channels unused by PUs and the contention phase plays a role of selecting a SU who will send packets in the data transmission phase. One SU is selected by carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) with request to send / clear to send (RTS/CTS) mechanism on control channel and the SU is allowed to occupy all remaining part of all idle channels during the current slot. For mathematical analysis, first we deal with the single-channel case and we model the proposed OSA media access control (MAC) protocol by three-dimensional discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) whose one-step transition probability matrix has a special structure so as to apply the censored Markov chain method to obtain the steady state distribution.We obtain the throughput and the distribution of access delay. Next we deal with the multi-channel case and obtain the throughput and the distribution of access delay by using results of single-channel case. In numerical results, our mathematical analysis is verified by simulations and we give numerical results on throughput and access delay of the proposed MAC protocol. Finally, we find the maximum allowable number of SUs satisfying the requirements on throughput and access delay.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.408-421
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• 2016

Day and night sampling for gas and particle phases PAHs were carried out in Seoul to characterize gas and particle phases PAHs concentrations in day and night times. There was no significant difference between day and night time for particle phase PAHs concentrations and phase distribution of PAHs, while, gas phase PAHs concentrations in daytime were about 1/2 of nighttime concentrations in both summer and winter due to photochemical reaction of gas phase PAHs during daytime. A high fraction of cancer risk for PAHs was attributed to particle phase PAHs and the excess cancer risk in winter was higher than in summer. The excess cancer risk level of total(gas+particle) PAHs in summer was partially observed when both gas and particle phase PAHs concentrations were considered as risk assessment. Based on the diagnostic ratios and factor analysis of PAHs concentrations, combustion(coal and natural gas) and vehicular emission might be the most significant contributors of PAHs and major factors for determining of PAHs concentration were different between day and night times.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.940-945
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• 2016

In this paper, zero sequence equivalent circuit of Yg-Yg three phase core-type transformer is analyzed. Many problems by iron core structure of the three phase transformer due to asymmetric three phase lines, which includes line disconnection, ground fault, COS OFF, and unbalanced load are reported in the distribution system. To verify a feasibility of zero sequence impedance of Yg-Yg type three phase transformer, fault current generation in the three phase core and shell-type Yg-Yg transformer is compared by PSCAD/EMTDC when single line ground fault is occurred. As a result, shell-type transformer does not affect the flow of fault current, but core-type transformer generate an adverse effect by the zero sequence impedance. The adverse effect is explained by the zero sequence equivalent circuit of core-type transformer and Yg-Yg type three phase core-type transformer supplies a zero sequence fault current to the distribution system.