• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.910
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• pp.1292-1299
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• 2004

This survey was carried out on 256 smallholder farmers of the Jeonbuk Province to analyze their current behavior in pesticide usage and the use of protective clothing during spray work. The interviewees were at the age of about 50's in both males and females: they performed spray work mainly for their own farms. Many of them were not very well aware of the danger of pesticides and the adequate methods of pesticide handling. Water drinking and smoking during break time were the endangering factors of pesticide intoxication, reaching to 30-60% sprayers. Most of sprayers had experienced the exposures to pesticides during spray work and appealed some subjective clinical symptoms to the exposure, but they seldom sought medical treatments. More than 70% of respondents had not been wearing protective equipments during spray work. The results will be used as basic information in designing the improved protective clothing more acceptable by pesticide sprayers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.79-87
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• 2019

With desires for safe food, there is growing concern that pesticide spray drift will expose people, plants, and the environment to pesticide residue and potential negative effects thereof. For highly efficient, safe spray application, technologies for measuring the spray drift should be developed and improved with some urgency. This study investigated the applicability of two optical particle counters (OPCs), which are mostly used to measure airborne particle mass concentration, for measurement of airborne pesticide spray drift. Experiments were conducted in a controlled laboratory and an ash tree orchard to evaluate the handiness and accuracy of two OPCs, OPC 1 and OPC 2. The experimental results indicated that the OPC 1 was better applicable to the measurement of spray drift in the field while the use of the OPC 2 was limited due to its narrow range of measurable droplet sizes. The readings of the OPC 1 produced highly accurate results ($R^2=0.9637$) compared to the actual spray drift. For better application of OPCs, this study suggests the OPCs should be positioned properly to inhale spray droplets of the appropriate size and concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2005

This study was carried out to establish rational methodologies for the use of pesticide formulations to be sprayed after water-dilution. Hardness and electric conductivity of six major river water and ground water sampled from 52 sites in major rice-growing areas across the country ranged from 5 to 324 ppm(av. 90 ppm) and from 0.038 to 1.078 dS/m(av. 0.265 dS/m), respectively, which are acceptable for diluent water of pesticides. The pH changes in pesticide spray solutions with time after preparation mainly depended on the pH of the water used for pesticide dilution. The surface tensions of pesticide spray solutions reduced slightly with time after preparation, irrespective of kinds of pesticide formulations. Suspensibility of WPs became worse with an increase in the hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water, even though the degree was negligible. Emulsion stability of ECs became worse with an increase in hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water. Degradation rates of the active ingredients of pesticide spray solutions 3 days after preparation were less than 5%, regardless of mixing or non-mixing of two or more pesticides. Consequently, the spray solutions of most pesticides were usable until two to three days after preparation unless physical properties deteriorated. The tank-mixing order of EC and WP formulations did not make any differences in all the physical properties of pesticide spray solutions. However, the proper order for the tank-mixing of compatible pesticides was WP, WG, SC, EC, and SL, because the order is easy to prepare the pesticide spray solutions. The efficacy of pesticide spray solutions on the respective target pathogens and insect pests of rice plants three days after preparation was recorded over 95% of that of 0 day, which was almost the same as that of the solutions applied punctually after preparation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2018

Effective pesticide applications are needed to assure the quality and economic competitiveness of fruit production and lower the risk of spray drift. Experimental studies have shown that better spray coverage and less driftability require an understanding of the transport of spray droplets within turbulent airflows in the orchard and the interaction between droplet dynamics and tree canopies. This study developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict pesticide flows in the orchard and spray drift discharged from an air-assisted orchard sprayer. The model represented the transport of spray droplets as well as droplets captured by tree canopies, which were modeled as a conical porous model and branched tree model. Validation of the CFD model was accomplished by comparing the CFD results with field measurements. Spray depositions inside tree canopies and at off-target locations were in good agreement with the measurements. The resulting data presented that 38.6%~42.3% of the sprayed droplets were delivered to the tree canopies while 13.6%~20.1% were drifted out of the orchard, part of them reached farther than 200 m from the orchard. The study demonstrates that CFD model can be used to evaluate spray application performance and spray drift potential.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.34-42
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• 2010

Agricultural automation has become more and more important by environmental change. The automation demands the highest technology due to the ever changing various conditions in agriculture system. In the paper, semi-autonomous pesticide spray robot system has been developed for rose farming in the glass house. The robot is in autonomous mode during pesticide spraying process driven on pipe rail. The robot is manually driven while moving from a rail to the next rail. The drive platform and autonomous operation control system are developed based on IT fusion technology. The pesticide spray system is also developed with nozzles and booms for precision mist spray system. Experimental data of nozzle test is also included.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.4 s.103
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• pp.96-107
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• 2006

This survey was performed to gain basic information for the development of new protective clothing of high acceptability in pesticide splaying among small size farmers. The rate of protective clothing wearing was low during pesticide spray although they understand its necessity. The reason for this low acceptability was related to the heat stress and reduced work efficiency deriving from wearing protective clothing. Instead of wearing they tend to carry out spray work while the ambient temperature is not to high. In the similar context, they rather intend to spray in consideration of weather condition instead of wearing protective clothing in the future. However, they are willing to purchase protective clothing if desirable products are developed: the clothing need to be efficient in both protection and work performance; the fanciness in design is not a requisite. This survey result will provide information necessary for the direction of new protective clothing development.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2008

This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of adjuvants on physicochemical properties and pest control efficacy of pesticide spray solution. Spray droplet sizes of pesticide solution decreased by addition of adjuvants even though its effect varied according to the pesticides. The adhesive effect of pesticides sprayed on target crops by addition of adjuvants varied according to the properties, the application methods, and the spray volume of pesticides. Wash-off of the deposited amount of active ingredients of the solution of tricyclazole WP and fenobucarb EC by simulated rainfall after spraying on rice plants dramatically reduced by adding adjuvants. The retained amount of active ingredients of the pesticides were $1.5{\sim}4.1$ times higher than those without adjuvants when subjected to simulated rainfall 6 hours after spraying. Addition of adjuvants to the propanil EC spray solution enhanced the control efficacy in barnyard grass, Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. by $8{\sim}30%$, which showed a potential to reduce pesticide use.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.388-394
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• 2003

Many toxic pesticides as aqueous-base sprays are dispensed for protection of food crops from pests into farm fields. When dispensed with conventional nozzles, a large portion of the spray is often lost by airborne drifts of droplets away and lack of deposition onto the plants due to rapid gravitational settling of droplets to the soil beneath. And target deposition efficiencies poorer than 20％ are often encountered in agricultural pesticides. An electrostatic spraying technology offers a very favorable means to increasing pesticides droplets deposition onto biological surfaces of living crops. In this paper a corona type spray nozzle, utilizing a set of corona charging devices and a pulsed droplet-charging voltage applied, has been proposed and tested its potential experimentally. As a result, it exhibits a large current deposition of aqueous pesticide sprays on the sensing target, which, however, promise to be as one of the effective electrostatic spraying nozzle.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.2 s.55
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• pp.138-146
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• 1983

With the increase of pesticide consumption, not only pesticide handling population would grow greater but also the chances to be exposed to the pesticides would be also increased. Thus, safe use and handling of the pesticides are becoming more important and serious in these days. The pesticides are well known to most pepole, however there are very limited number of persons who have correct understanding of chamicals. Intoxication cases caused by pesticides have been reported very rarely through the mess media, even they were lack of scientific evidences. In this paper, problems related to pesticide manufacture, transportation, storage, sprays, and residues and their countermeasures were discussed in connection with public health and enviromental aspects. Acute intoxication cases by pesticide handling might be caused accidently either through manufacture, marketing, transportation, or spraying. Safety aspects of workers in manufacturing plants include not only exposure to toxic chemicals, but also posibilities of of explosion and brought about by pesticides and their diluents. The problems of water pollution by waste chemicals from the manufacturing factories were discussed. Packing and loading methods of pesticides for transportation are considered in safety scheme and discussions are given in association with traffic accidents. With regard to warehouse, the pesticide storage, location structure, keepers, and standing materials for emergency are concerned with safety aspects. Concerning the spraying of chemicals, there are some problems to be discussed about clothes, spray equipment, wind direction, spray period, and spray workers condition. After the spray, treatment of used containers, remainder of Pesticides, and spray tools are also discussed. For the dissolutions of problems on public health and environmental danger arising from pesticide residues, there are two legal sanctions; 'Pesticide Tolerances' and 'Pesticide Safe Use Standards'. These regulations are legally effective, however, some problems still remain in practices to implement the acts properly, because these provisions are followed by the far mers mostly. With these regards, most problems are concerned with various sectors and persons, affecting public health and environment from the producers to the end users and consumers. As a whole persons concerned with pesticides, every possible effort has to be assembled to protect hazards from the chemicals. For the foremost place, special training and education are required for managing groups; such as factory managers and agricultural extension workers who are responsible for training the factory workers and farmers. The education is the only way to solve the hazard problems caused by the pesticides.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.264-270
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare of the pesticide residue amounts in fruit trees applied by different sprayers and spray volumes. Apple tree was used as a sample tree, and speed sprayer, power sprayer and knapsack motorized sprayer were tested. For similar sprayer and spray volume, the concentration of fluquinconazole and flusilazole in apple leaves were obtained respectively, for speed sprayer 8.33 and 2.15 mg/kg, for power sprayer 4.56 and 1.10 mg/kg, and for knapsack 4.55 and 1.12 mg/kg. The results showed that the treatment using speed sprayer had highest efficiency. The pesticide residues in apple leaves sprayed by 3 different spray volumes (560, 336 and 230 L/10a) using speed sprayer were 10.76 mg/kg, 8.32 mg/kg, 6.04 mg/kg on fluqinconazle and 3.04 mg/kg, 2.14 mg/kg and 1.47 mg/kg on flusilazole, respectively, indicating that the higher the volume, the higher the residues. The results from this study can be used as scientific basis for evaluating the field trial data for pesticide registration and the spray volume setting for fruit trees in Korea.