Aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of 2D ion chamber array as a substitute of the water phantom system in a periodic Linac QA. For the feasibility study, a commercial ion chamber matrix was used as a substitute of the water phantom in the measurement for a routine QA beam properties. The device used in this study was the I'm RT MatriXX (Wellhofer Dosimetrie, Germany). The MatriXX consists of a 1,020 vented ion chamber array, arranged in $24{\times}24\;cm^2$ matrix. Each ion chamber has a volume of $0.08\;cm^3$, spacing of 0.762 cm. We investigated dosimetric parameters such as dose symmetry, energy ($TPR_{20,10}$), and absolute dose for comparing with the water phantom data with a Farmer-type ionization chamber (FC65G, Wellhofer Dosimetrie, Germany). For the MatriXX measurements, we used the white polystyrene phantom (${\rho}:\;1.18\;g/cm^3$) and also considered the intrinsic layer (${\rho}:\;1.06\;g/cm^3$, t: 0.36 cm) of MatriXX to be equivalent to water depth. In the preliminary study of geometrical QA using MatriXX, the rotation axis of collimator and half beam junction test were included and compared with film measurements. Regarding the dosimetrical QA, the MatriXX has shown good agreements within ${\pm}1%$ compared to the water phantom measurements. In the geometrical test, the data from MatriXX were comparable with those from the films. In conclusion, the MatriXX is a good substitute for water phantom system and film measurements. In addition, the results indicate that the MatriXX as a cost-effective novel QA tool to reduce time and personnel power.
This study is designed to analyze the problems of health education in schools and explore the ways of enhancing health education from a historical perspective. It also shed light on the managerial aspect of health education (including medical-check-up for students disease management. school feeding and the health education law and its organization) as well as its educational aspect (including curriculum, teaching & learning, and wishes of teachers). At the same time it attempted to present the ways of resolving the problems in health education as identified her. Its major findings are as follows; I. Colculsion and Summary 1. Despite the importance of health education, the area remains relatively undeveloped. Students spend a greater part of their time in schools. Hence the government should develop a keener awareness of the importance of health education and invest more in it to ensure a healthy, comfortable life for students. 2. At the moment the outcomes of medical-check-up for students, which constitutes the mainstay of health education, are used only as statistical data to report to the relevant authorities. Needless to say they should be used to help improve the wellbeing of students. Specifically, nurse-teachers and home-room teachers should share the outcomes of medical-check-up to help the students wit shortcomings in growth or development or other physical handicaps more clearly recognize their problems and correct them if possible. 3. In the area of disease management, 62.6, 30.3 and 23.0 percent of primary, middle, and highschool students, respectively, were found to suffer from dental ailments. By contrast 2.2, 7.8, and 11.5 percent of primary, middle and highschool students suffered from visual disorders. The incidence of dental ailments decreases while that of visual impairments increases as students grow up. This signifies that students are under tremendous physical strain in their efforts to be admitted by schools of higher grade. Accordingly the relevant authorities should revise the current admission system as well as improve lighting system in classrooms. 4. Budget restraints have often been cited as a major bottleneck to the expansion of school feeding. Nevertheless it should be extended at least, to all primary schools even at the expense of parents to ensure the sound growth of children by improving their diet. 5. The existing health education law should be revised in such a way as to better meet the needs of schools. Also the manpower for health education should be strengthened. 6. Proper curriculum is essential to the effective implementation of health education. Hence it is necessary to remove those parts in the current health education curriculum that overlaps with other subjects. It is also necessary to make health education a compulsory course in teachers' college at the same time the teachers in charge of health education should be given an in-service training. 7. Currently health education is being taught as part of physical education, science, home economics or other courses. However these subjects tend to be overshadowed by English, mathematics, and other subjects which carry heavier weight in admission test. It is necessary among other things, to develop an educational plan specifying the course hours and teaching materials. 8. Health education is carried out by nurse-teachers or home-room teachers. In connection with health education, they expressed the hope that health education will be normalized with newly-developed teaching material, expanded opportunity for in-service training and increased budget, facilities and supply of manpower. These are the mainpoints that the decision-makers should take into account in the formation of future policy for health education. II. Recommendations for the Improvement of Health Education 1. Regular medical check-up for students, which now is the mainstay of health education, should be used as educational data in an appropriate manner. For instance the records of medical check-up could be transferred between schools. 2. School feeding should be expanded at least in primary schools at the expense of the government or even parents. It will help improve the physical wellbeing of youths and the diet for the people. 3. At the moment the health education law is only nominal. Hence the law should be revised in such a way as to ensure the physical wellbeing of students and faculty. 4. Health education should be made a compulsory course in teachers' college. Also the teachers in service should be offered training in health education. 5. The curriculum of health education should be revised. Also the course hours should be extended or readjusted to better meet the needs of students. 6. In the meantime the course hours should be strictly observed, while educational materials should be revised in no time. 7. The government should expand its investment in facilities, budget and personnel for health education in schools at all levels.
According to a case of Supreme Court's Sentence No. 2009DA17417 (May 21, 2009), the Supreme Court judges that 'the right to life is the ultimate one of basic human rights stipulated in the Constitution, so it is required to very limitedly and conservatively determine whether to discontinue any medical practice on which patient's life depends directly.' In addition, the Supreme Court admits that 'only if a patient who comes to a fatal phase before death due to attack of any irreversible disease may execute his or her right of self-determination based on human respect and values and human right to pursue happiness, it is permissible to discontinue life-sustaining treatment for him or her, unless there is any special circumstance.' Furthermore, the Supreme Court finds that 'if a patient who is attacked by any irreversible disease informs medical personnel of his or her intention to agree on the refusal or discontinuance of life-sustaining treatment in advance of his or her potential irreversible loss of consciousness, it is justifiable that he or she already executes the right of self-determination according to prior medical instructions, unless there is any special circumstance where it is reasonably concluded that his or her physician is changed after prior medical instructions for him or her.' The Supreme Court also finds that 'if a patient remains at irreversible loss of consciousness without any prior medical instruction, he or she cannot express his or her intentions at all, so it is rational and complying with social norms to admit possibility of estimating his or her own intentions on withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, provided that such a withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment meets his or her interests in view of his or her usual sense of values or beliefs and it is reasonably concluded that he or she could likely choose to discontinue life-sustaining treatment, even if he or she were given any chance to execute his or her right of self-determination.' This judgment is very significant in a sense that it suggests the reasonable orientation of solutions for issues posed concerning withdrawal of meaningless life-sustaining medical efforts. The issues concerning removal of medical instruments for meaningless life-sustaining treatment and discontinuance of such treatment in regard to medical treatment for terminal cases don't seem to be so much big deal when a patient has clear consciousness enough to express his or her intentions, but it counts that there is any issue regarding a patient who comes to irreversible loss of consciousness and cannot express his or her intentions. Therefore, it is required to develop an institutional instrument that allows relevant authority to estimate the scope of physician's medical duties for terminal patients as well as a patient's intentions to withdraw any meaningless treatment during his or her terminal phase involving loss of consciousness. However, Korean judicial authority has yet to clarify detailed cases where it is permissible to discontinue any life-sustaining treatment for a patient in accordance with his or her right of self-determination. In this context, it is inevitable and challenging to make better legislation to improve relevant systems concerning withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. The State must assure the human basic rights for its citizens and needs to prepare a system to assure such basic rights through legislative efforts. In this sense, simply entrusting physician, patient or his or her family with any critical issue like the withdrawal of meaningless life-sustaining treatment, even without any reasonable standard established for such entrustment, means the neglect of official duties by the State. Nevertheless, this issue is not a matter that can be resolved simply by legislative efforts. In order for our society to accept judicial system for withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, it is important to form a social consensus about this issue and also make proactive discussions on it from a variety of standpoints.
ERP is a new technique of process innovation. It indicates enterprise resource planning whose purpose is an integrated total management of enterprise resources. ERP can be also seen as one of the latest management systems that organically connects by using computers all business processes including marketing, production and delivery and control those processes on a real-time basis. Currently, however, it's not easy for local enterprises to have operators who will be in charge of ERP programs, even if they want to introduce the resource management system. This suggests that it's urgently needed to train such operators through ERP education at school. But in the field of education, actually, the lack of professional ERP instructors and less effective learning programs for industrial applications of ERP are obstacles to bringing up ERP workers who are competent as much as required by enterprises. In ERP, accounting is more important than any others. Accountants are assuming more and more roles in ERP. Thus, there's a rapidly increasing demand for experts in ERP accounting. This study examined previous researches and literature concerning ERP education, identified problems with current ERP education at college and proposed how to solve the problems. This study proposed the ways of improving ERP education at college as follows. First, a prerequisite learning of ERP, that is, educating the principle of accounting should be intensified to make students get a basic theoretical knowledge of ERP enough. Second, lots of different scenarios designed to try ERP programs in business should be created. In association, students should be educated to get a better understanding of incidents or events taken place in those scenarios and apply it to trying ERP for themselves. Third, as mentioned earlier, ERP is a system that integrates all enterprise resources such as marketing, procurement, personnel management, remuneration and production under the framework of accounting. It should be noted that under ERP, business activities are organically connected with accounting modules. More importantly, those modules should be recognized not individually, but as parts comprising a whole flow of accounting. This study has a limitation because it is a literature research that heavily relied on previous studies, publications and reports. This suggests the need to compare the efficiency of ERP education between before and after applying what this study proposed to improve that education. Also, it's needed to determine students' and professors' perceived effectiveness of current ERP education and compare and analyze the difference in that perception between the two groups.
Occupational health services in Korea have been operated as dual types : one is operated by occupational health care manager and the other is health care agency without their own personnel. The performance of occupational health service should be different due to the variety of characteristics of health care manager and workplace, qualification of health care manager. This study is to analyze performance of occupational health care services with a particular consideration of job performance shape and efficiency, based on comparing those two types of health care management to show on the basic data for the settlement of more qualitative health care management system at workplace. For this study, total 391 places in Seoul and Inchon city area ; 154 places (39.4%) managed by designated health care manager and 237 places (60.6%) by the agency with their commission are selected as research samples. Tools for data collection are questionnares that have been investigated during the period of 20 September 1993-20 December 1993. Those data are compared with percentiles, mean, standard deviation and B/C ratio using SPSS PC program. Conclusions observed from the tests and each comparison could be summerized as follows : 1. Occupational health care have been accomplished at workplaces with designated people than with agencies people, and coverage rate of the occupational health care services has differences, due to management types. The reason of these results is due to visit only one or two times monthly by the agencies, while their own health care manager obsess, at the workplaces all the times. 2. Most of the expense for environmental control of all health care services expenditures shows that there is almost no fundamental improvement because more expenses are needed for procuring personal protective equipment and measuring work environment instead of environmental improvement. 3. It is investigated how much the cost of occupational health care services needs per worker, and calculated how much the cost needs per service hour per worker. The results from this show that the cost of occupational health services at workplaces with their own managers used less than the cost of health care agencies, eventually the former gives better services with less cost than the latter. 4. Benefit/Cost ratio is also produced by total benefit/total cost. The result from the above way reads 4.57 as a whole, while their own manager having workplaces reads 4.82 and the agencies do l.56. Even if their own manager performing workplaces spent more cost, this system produces more benefit than the agencies management. 5. The B/C ratio for medical organization such as local clinic, health care center and pharmacy shows more than or equal to at the workplaces controlled by the agencies. It is inferred that benefit would be much less than the cost used, with so being inefficient. 6. It is assumed that the efficiency ratio of health education is equal to reduction rate of workers medical organization visit. Estimated reduction rate 5%, 10%, 15%, show that the efficiency ratio of health education have an effect on producing benefits. It is estimated that more benefit can be produced if more qualitative education will be provided for enhancing health care efficiency. 7. Results of this study cannot be generalized because there are large scale of deviation in case of workplaces with less than 300 full time workers, but B/C ratio reads 2.69 as a whole and 3.25 at workplaces with their own health care manager are higher than 1.63 at the workplaces manged by the agencies. Finally, all the benefit concerning health care services could not be quantified, measured and shown on the value of money. This is a reason that a considerable part of benefits are so underestimated. This is also thought that measurement tools should be developed for measuring benefits of health care services with a comprehensive quantification. in the future. It is also expected that efficiency of occupational health care services should be investigated using cost-effectiveness analysis.
This study is based on the political and economic standpoint of each country, Use advanced equipment to prevent new terrorism from causing widespread damage, In order to establish a countermeasures against terrorism in accordance with the reality of Korea, which is effective in responding to terrorist attacks, Korea conducted a SWOT analysis of the terrorist environment and terrorist environment through specialists. First, internal strengths of Korea 's terrorist environment include stable security situation, weakness of religious and ethnic conflicts, strong regulation and control of firearms, and counter terrorism capabilities and know - how accumulated during major international events. Second, the internal weaknesses of the terrorist environment in Korea include the insecurity of the people, the instability caused by the military confrontation with North Korea, the absence of anti-terrorism law system, the difficulty of terrorism control and management by the development of the Internet and IT technology. Third, the external opportunities for Korea 's terrorist environment are as follows: ease of supplementation and learning through cases of foreign terrorism failure, ease of increase of terrorist budget and support with higher terrorism issues, strengthening of counterterrorism through military cooperation with allied nationsRespectively. Fourth, the external threats to the terrorist environment in Korea are the increase of social dissatisfaction due to the continuous influx of defectors and foreign workers, the goal of terrorism from international terrorist organizations through alliance with the United States,Increased frequency of incidents, and increased IS coverage of terrorism around the world. In addition, the SWOT in - depth interviews on the terrorist environment of the expert group were conducted to diagnose and analyze the problems, terrorism awareness and legal system in the Korean terror environment. The results of the study are summarized as follows.First, the basic law on terrorism should be enacted.Second, the establishment of an integrated anti-terrorism organization.Third, securing and nurturing specialized personnel in response to terrorism.
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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v.17
no.1
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pp.34-45
/
1992
In this county, the gap between the urban 'haves' and the rural 'have-nots' continues to be an increasing problem. WHO and UNICEF see primary health care(PHC) as the key to achieving an acceptable level of health throughout the world as a community development. PHC is essential health care made accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them. It is the first level of contact of individual, the family, and community with the national health system. It includes at least education on health system. It includes at least education on health problems, promotion of food supply, MCH including family planning, immunization against infectious diseases, control of endemic diseases, treatment of common diseases and injuries, promotion of mental health, and provision of essential drugs. However, of the aboves, education concerning of mental health problems and the methods to identify, prevent, and control them is the principal step of establishment. In Korea, the category of PHC worker includes the physician as public doctor and nurse as primary health care practitioner and community health leader as village health worker. PHC workers of the aboves will thus function best if they are appropriately trained to respond to the health needs of the community. However in this country, since the national PHC service project launched in 1980, the government has not developed and performed appropriate and enough education and training activities. In light of above reasons, several categories of health education activities had been planned and performed being aimed at above specific target groups and the main focus was on the village health workers for about one year from July 1991 to July 1992 in Yeoju Kun of Kyonki Province. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. The totals of 80 village health workers, 13 public health practitioners and 9 public docters took in the course of health education for a few hours at every month and the evaluation works of educational effect were taken. The results the study were as follows. 1) Number of persons who realized the maxim "health care of the people is a duty of the government" increased after the education course, On the other hand, the rate of satisfaction on the effort of government for health promotion of the people decreased. 2) Public doctors and primary health care practitioners(nurses) liked and enjoyed the education schedule as a meeting of peer group. It provided chances of communication with staffs of Korea University Hospital. It was said that lectures covered great deal of knowledge and technic they urgently needed in the field. 3) After finishing the education course, more of village health workers(VHW) thought they adapted themselves to their roles and functions showing increased number of home visit and contact with primary health care practitioners by month. 4) In case of patient refer, VHW preferred primary health care practitioners to public doctors. 5) Capability of VHWs in most of their functions increased dramatically after when the education course finished except tuberculosis control.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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v.45
no.2
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pp.23-39
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2017
This study began from the question, "is there a way to efficiently apply industrial demand in the university curriculum?" Research focused on how to actively accept and respond to the era of the NCS (National Competency Standards). In order to apply NCS to individual departments of the university, industrial personnel must positively participate to form a practical-level curriculum by the NCS, which can be linked to the work and qualifications. A valid procedure for developing a curriculum based on the NCS of this study is as follows: First, the university must select a specific classification of NCS considering the relevant industry outlook, the speciality of professors in the university, the relationship with regional industries and the prospects for future employment, and the need for industrial manpower. Second, departments must establish a type of human resource that compromises goals for the university education and the missions of the chosen NCS. In this process, a unique competency unit of the university that can support the basic or applied subjects should be added to the task model. Third, the task model based on the NCS should be completed through the verification of each competency unit considering the acceptance or rejection in the curriculum. Fourth, subjects in response to each competency units within the task model should be developed while considering time and credits according to university regulations. After this, a clear subject description of how to operate and evaluate the contents of the curriculum should be created. Fifth, a roadmap for determining the period of operating subjects for each semester or year should be built. This roadmap will become a basis for the competency achievement frame to decide upon the adoption of a Process Evaluation Qualification System. In order for the NCS to be successfully established within the university, a consensus on the necessity of the NCS should be preceded by professors, students and staff members. Unlike a traditional curriculum by professors, the student-oriented NCS curriculum is needed sufficient understanding and empathy for the many sacrifices and commitment of the members of the university.
Records of architectural cultural properties, in case of accidents, show who are to blame, present what evidences are to establish the cause, and also are used for checking if there were any problem in policies and regulations in preserving and caring architectural cultural properties. These records are of great importance in their roles and are of essential use regardless of time and space. Considering its significance, In that architectural cultural properties requires setting clear goals and directions and as well, criteria, for management, we need methods of systematical control and consideration for its characteristics. This research started with the sense of purpose that managing architectural cultural properties are in need of systematic and concrete control, based on the perception that they need protecting and transmitting. The goal of this thesis is to work on the current archiving status of architectural cultural properties by monitoring patterns and processes in archival administration, to diagnose problems by looking into the records creation and management, and to present the improvement plan which would lead to the architectural cultural properties' more efficient management and better use in the future. The management of architectural cultural properties begins with registering and assigning. Cultural Heritage Administration is in charge of control, supervision, and budget and local governments deal with direct management. Accordingly, records are by the hands of each local governmental body. Currently, each cultural property has its management depending on every different working environment in each governmental body. Architectural cultural properties needs managing in one body through the synthetic and unified, concrete and systematic manual and guide for management. Archiving architectural cultural properties have need of unitive management through a professional system, considering the physical characteristics and history of archiving. Unified management system will enhance efficiency and actual use of architectural cultural property records if one governmental body undertakes uniting records through standardization and professional supervision, and data-based unified search engine would enhance efficiency and actual use. Therefore, I suggest that Archives for Architectural Cultural Properties should be established as a professional Archives and wholly responsible body for the purpose of systematically and unifiedly managing architectural cultural property records with professional personnel and facility and transmitting their historical, cultural, and academic value. In Korea, studies up to the present have mainly focused on managing architectural records and records of drawing while few efforts were made to directly deal with managing architectural cultural properties themselves. The focus of this thesis is to study the current status and establish problems of the management of architectural cultural properties in administrative process, and as a result, to propose to establish Archives for Architectural Cultural Properties as a professional archives.
Based on the premise that the systematic career process of workers in the general labor market was one of core elements of successful achievements and their establishment both at the individual and organizational level, this study set out to conduct empirical analysis of factors influencing the subjective career success of disabled workers in competitive employment at the multi-dimensional levels of individuals and organizations(corporations) and thus provide practical implications for the career management directionality of their successful vocational life with data based on practical and statistical accuracy. For those purposes, the investigator administered a structured questionnaire to 126 disabled workers at 48 companies in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Gangwon and collected data about the individual and organizational characteristics. Then the influential factors were analyzed with the multilevel analysis technique by taking into consideration the organizational effects. The analysis results show that organizational characteristics explained 32.1% of total variance of subjective career success, which confirms practical implications for the importance of organizational variables and the legitimacy of applying the multilevel model. The significant influential factors include the degree of disability, desire for growth, self-initiating career attitude and value-oriented career attitude at the individual level and the provision of disability-related convenience, career support, personnel support, and interpersonal support at the organizational level. The latter turned out to have significant moderating effects on the influences of subjective career success on the characteristic variables at the individual level. Those findings call for plans to increase subjective career success through the activation of individual factors based on organizational effects. The study thus proposed and discussed integrated individual-corporate practice strategies including setting up a convenience support system by reflecting the disability characteristics, applying a worker support program, establishing a frontier career development support system, and providing assistance for a human network.
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