• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2020

Purpose: This paper presents research evidence that the environmental design of the doffing area in a biocontainment unit (BCU) can have a measurable impact on increasing the safety of frontline healthcare workers (HCW) during doffing of high-level personal protective equipment (PPE), and proposes optimized biocontainment unit design. Methods: From 2016 to 2019, The SimTigrate Design Lab conducted 3 consecutive studies, focusing on ways in which the built environment may support or hinder safe doffing. In the first study, to identify the risky behaviors, we observed 56 simulation exercises with HCWs in 4 BCUs and 1 high-fidelity BCU mockup. In the second study, we tested the effectiveness of a redesigned doffing area on improving the HCWs performance and used simulation, observation, and rapid prototyping in 1 high-fidelity mockup of a doffing area. In a follow-up study, we used simulation and co-design with HCWs to optimize the design of a safer doffing area in a full-size pediatric BCU mock-up. Results: We identified 11 specific risky behaviors potentially leading to occupational injury, or contamination of the PPE, or of the environment. We developed design strategies to create a space for safer doffing. In the second study, in a redesigned doffing area, the overall performance of HCW improved, and we observed a significant decrease in the number of risky behaviors; some risky behaviors were eliminated. There was a significant decrease in physical and cognitive load for the HCWs. Finally, we propose an optimized layout of a BCU for a safer process of PPE doffing. Implications: The proposed BCU design supports better staff communication, efficiency, and automates safer behaviors. Our findings can be used to develop design guidelines for spaces where patients with other highly infectious diseases are treated when the safety of the patient-facing HCWs is of critical importance.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to find out its effect on changes in the joint angle and the success rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by conducting cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when wearing and not wearing PPE (personal protective equipment) targeting 20 paramedics with more than 5 years of experience. The subjects carried out CPR in 30:2 for 4 minutes and collected images were digitized by Kwon3D XP Software Package(Version 4.0) and then data were obtained. Data, which were collected by analyzing the motion when starting in one cycle, when pressing to the maximum, in the final position (relaxed), were analyzed by using SPSS 18.0. In conclusion, during CPR, the angle of the both shoulder joints was not significant (p>.05) and the angle of the right elbow joint was reduced in all positions and was statistically significant (p<.05) and the angle of the left was significantly reduced in the maximum pressure posture and the final position (p>.05). In the case of the trunk, the angle increased statistically significantly at all stages (p<.01, p<.001). Also, during CPR, the average compression rate was significantly reduced after wearing PPE (p<.05) and average hand escape time by cycle increased statistically significantly (p<.05) but chest compression execution rate at the correct depth did not show any significant difference between the two groups (p>05).

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.647-659
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• 2015

This study analyzes current technologies in personal protective equipment (PPE) and mechanisms that can be used in the agricultural field to provide data for research and development on PPE for farmers. There is growing awareness of the importance of PPE as part of efforts to reduce agricultural accidents, but data remain rare for developing PPE tailored to the farm work environment. In this regard, patent data on PPE can provide useful insights for facilitating relevant technologies and research. This study examines patents and utility models classified under the IPC code in Korea and other countries to analyze patented technologies and recent trends for the period from January 2003 to October 2014. Here Korea, the U.S., Japan, and Europe were considered. The results show that the number of patent applications for PPE remained steady without any sharp fluctuations. KIPO applications accounted for 43.5% of all cases, reflecting the highest proportion among the countries considered. Domestic applicants accounted for 94% of all cases. In Korea, patent applications were concentrated in safety gear for the face and eyes, indicating a high level of technology. The highest level of competition was observed for safety goggles in all countries. Some PPE technologies were dominated by a particular manufacturer. The analysis results for farming-related technologies show the current state of technologies and areas lacking technological development. This study analyzes patented technologies for PPE in Korea and other countries and recent research trends as part of the effort to develop PPE for workers in the farming and livestock industry. This study represents an early-stage effort to develop PPE for workers in the farming and livestock industry, and the results are expected to be useful for tailoring PPE to Korea's farming and livestock environment.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.431-437
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• 2017

Objectives: To protect the health and safety of residents during chemical accidents, the governmental authorities need to provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to citizens who desire it. This study aims to investigate residents'awareness of PPE and perform an economic analysis on providing PPE to residents near chemical plants prior to the establishment of a related law. Methods: This study was carried out through a questionnaire completed by 600 residents composed of items such as residents'awareness of PPE, what type of PPE they need, and how to purchase PPE. Economic analysis (cost-benefit analysis) was conducted on providing PPE to residents near chemical plants on basis of the Gumi City hydrogen fluoride accident of 2012. Results: The results of the questionnaire showed that most residents recognized the need for PPE preparedness for chemical accidents, in particular, for respirators. The level of expense that respondents were prepared to shoulder to share the burden was $25. Except for chemicals of hazard level 2, the benefit of all kinds of chemical accident preparedness considerably exceeded costs in the cost-benefit analysis on providing PPE. An estimated government budget of $20 million per year would be required to provide PPE (hood-type mask) for all residents within a one-kilometer radius of chemical plants in Korea, but only $5.8 million when residents share the expenses. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that programs for providing PPE for residents near chemical plants should be established by law.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.583-593
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the frequency score of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and concentration of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites in farmers. Methods: The study was conducted in Chungcheongnam-do Province of South Korea. We collected urine samples from 308 farmers from September to December 2017 and May to July 2018. Among them, 17 farmers with urinary creatinine levels outside the normal range were excluded. Information on the frequency of wearing PPE was obtained from the farmers through face-to-face survey. Each frequency of wearing for seven types of PPE was converted into a score and expressed as a total score, which was divided into quartiles. Four types of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites were analyzed using a gas chromatography mass selective detector. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify concentrations of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites affected by the frequency of wearing PPE. Results: The average frequency score of wearing PPE was 8.0. The quartiles of frequency score of wearing PPE were divided as follows: 1st quartile (≤1), 2nd quartile (1-6), 3rd quartile (6-12), and 4th quartile (>12). Compared with subjects with a low frequency score of wearing PPE (reference), subjects with a high frequency score of wearing PPE (4th quartile) had lower concentrations of urinary diethyl phosphate (DEP) (p<0.01) and dialkyl phosphate (ΣDAP) (p<0.05), which is the sum of dimethyl phosphate (DMP), DEP, dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), and diethyl thiophosphate (DETP). Conclusion: Concentrations of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites were associated with frequency score of wearing PPE. Particularly as the frequency score of wearing PPE increased, concentrations of urinary DMP, DEP, DETP, and ΣDAP significantly decreased. The findings of this study can contribute to the management of health effects among farmers working with pesticides.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2001

This study was performed to identify the current status of work environment management and to provide appropriate recommendations for small scale industry with less than 5 workers from September, 2000 to October, 2000 in Seoul city and Gyoung-gi province. The 211 companies were surveyed by checklist included the elements of management of work environment, hazardous chemicals, MSDS, personal protective equipment, and ventilation system. The proportion of metal products manufacturing and printing industries are 25.6 % and 22.3%, respectively. The daily working hours in printing industry is longer than others. The industries that produce potentially hazardous agents, such as noise, dust, metal, organic solvents, radiation and chemical material are pulp, plating, machinery, and printing, respectively. In above industries, only 2.8 % of those recognised and had MSDS. The proportion of companies providing fire extinguishers, safety showers are found to be 13.3 %, 7.1 %, respectively. Only 24.2 % of companies provided personal protective equipment to the workers. The ventilation system was operated in most of companies. But local exhaust ventilation system is provided to 22.3 % of those, also had not been annually inspected. This study showed that the current status of occupational safety and health was not appropriate for workers in small scale industries. It is suggested that annual physical examination have to be performed, MSDS usage must become widespread, and employer and emplyees in small scale industry should be educated for the treatment and storage of hazardous chemicals to improve the occupational safety and health of the working environment. also, regulatory standard has to be applied to local exhaust ventilation system in small scale industry to improve the working condition.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2015

Purpose: This study examined the effect of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), positive airway pressure, and the posture of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) when conducting CPR. Methods: Twenty 119 EMTs performed 30:2 CPR on a manikin for 4 min. Imaging data were digitized with Kwon3D XP (version 4.0). Data were collected by analyzing the motion when starting in one cycle, such as pressing to the maximum and in the final position (relaxed), and were analyzed with SPSS 18.0. Results: The angle of the elbow joints was significantly reduced (p < .05). The trunk angle was statistically significantly (p < .01, p < .001) increased. The angular velocities of the shoulder joint and left elbow joint were reduced (p > .05). The angular velocity of the trunk was significantly reduced in the starting and maximum compression postures. The hand-escape time was increased. The average compression depth was increased but not significantly (p > .05). The positive airway pressure was reduced (p > .05). Conclusion: The angle of the elbow joints and the angular velocity of the trunk were reduced, and the angle of the trunk was increased. The success of CPR and positive airway pressure was reduced.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2021

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to introduce the development process of work situations and types in the revised regulations on wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) for hazardous chemical handlers, analyze the implementation of the regulations, and then provide basic data for future education strategies. Methods: The development process of work situations for regulation was explained through a flowchart by year. In 2018, a survey of 30 chemical managers and 201 managers and handlers was conducted based on recognition of work situations and the related regulations. In 2019, 91 chemical managers and 204 handlers were surveyed to find the degree of compliance with regulations, direction for improvement of understanding the regulations, and training methods. Results: Only 78.0% of chemical managers and 66.7% of handlers said they were aware of the regulations (p<0.05). Just 79.0% of handlers knowing the regulations said they would wear PPE in compliance with these regulations. Therefore, the best way to make workers wear proper PPE in accordance with regulations is to strengthen the promotion of education on regulations. In order to improve the quality of education, 51.7% of managers and 33.3% of handlers cited educational content (video, ppt, etc.) as the top priority. Conclusion: This study suggested that more educational opportunities should be provided and educational content should be developed in order for workers handling hazardous chemicals to wear PPE as prescribed in regulations.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of a safe environment, as well as self-reported and observed compliance with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. Methods: This study was conducted in October 2021 with 55 nurses working in the medical and surgical ICUs of a general hospital in Seoul. A self-reported questionnaire and an observational tool for compliance with the use of PPE were used to collect data. Results: Except for masks, the observed compliance for all other PPE types was lower than the self-reported compliance. Male nurses showed significantly higher observed compliance than female nurses. Self-reported compliance with PPE use, including "when there is a possibility of contact with objects contaminated with blood or body fluids, mucous membranes, damaged skin, or contaminated skin" (r = .23, p = .015) and "when there is a possibility of contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or exudates" (r = .27, p = .004) showed significant correlations with knowledge of PPE. In the results for self-reported compliance with PPE use, gown use had a significant correlation with knowledge (r = .24, p < .001) and perceptions of a safe environment (r = .15, p = .016) for PPE, and gloves showed significant correlations with attitudes (r = .14, p = .024) and perceptions of a safe environment (r = .18, p = .003). Conclusion: The observed compliance with PPE use tended to be lower than the self-reported compliance among ICU nurses. It is necessary to develop and apply an effective educational program that can enhance improve actual compliance with PPE use among intensive care unit nurses.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 마네킹을 이용해서 평상시 응급처치시 입는 옷, 레벨 B, 레벨 C PPE를 착용이 고품질의 심폐소생술에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 본 실험에 참여한 응급구조사는 C 지역 소방 소속의 5년 이상의 경력을 가진 119 구급대원 20명을 대상으로 하였다. 심폐소생술 중 가슴압박이 중지되는 손이탈 시간 및 비율의 경우 유니폼 착용그룹에서 11.9 초, 레벨 C PPE 착용 그룹에서 11.4 초, SCBA 착용 그룹에서 13.1 초인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 개인보호장비 착용은 구급대원의 움직임을 방해하고 있고 보상동작을 사용하게 되어 효율적인 응급처치의 어려움이 나타날 가능성이 많아지며, 이러한 상황이 지속될 경우 구급대원의 신체에도 피로감과 손상을 줄 수 있다. 구조 및 구급대원들은 응급상황을 대비해서 레벨별 개인보호장비를 착용하고 구조 및 심폐소생술 훈련에 임하여야 한다.