• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.41-54
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• 2005

The purposes of this study on various headgear at the age of the Persian Achaemenes are to analyze one cultural aspect of the Achaemenes Kingdom that made a great empire about 5th century B.C. and to understand the ancient Persian culture. It is widely recognized that the Persian region was an important place for cultural exchange between the East and the West through the Silk Road and its culture affected China and Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to study ancient culture in this region for further understanding of the Korean culture. However, research activities have not been satisfactorily conducted. This study is an attempt to elevate the interest in this subject. In this study, European archeological materials covering Naqsh-e-Rostam (a tomb of Darius), Apadana stairs, Darius palace in Persepolis, and Bistun(Behistun), the relief at the age of the Achaemenes Kingdom, were collected and analyzed. From this study, the following results were obtained. For crowns at the age of the Achaemenes Kingdom, two kinds of shapes are observed; Mitra, a kind of headband, in the early period and a cylindrical one in the later period. Mitra was also worn by chiefs trusted by the king. Further, slightly different styles of cylindrical crowns were observed, which is considered that kings might wear unique crowns to symbolize new period of their reign. In addition to crowns, various styles of headgear for subjects are observed, meaning that tribes conquered by the Persian empire used their unique headgear. Further, such different styles of headgear might be a tool for social classification. Representative styles of headgear include the semicircular one worn by the Median nobles, Strophion originated from the Elam's headband, and nomadic tribes' Baschlik observed in the Median relics.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.141-164
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• 2021

The Khitans were a Turco-Mongol clan who dominated China north of the Yangtze River during the early mediaeval period. They adopted and then adapted many of the cultural traditions of their powerful neighbours to the south, the Song Chinese. However, before their absorption into the Mongol Empire in the late 13^th century they proved pivotal, firstly in the eastward expansion of the armies of Chinggis Khan, secondly, in the survival of the Persian heartlands after the Mongol invasions of the 1220s and thirdly, in the revival and integration of the polity of Iran into the Chinggisid Empire. Da Liao, the Khitans, the Qara Khitai, names which have served this clan well, strengthened and invigorated the hosts which harboured them. The Liao willingly assimilated into the Chinggisid Empire of whose formation they had been an integral agent and in doing so they also surrendered their identity but not their history. Recent scholarship is now unearthing and recognising their proud legacy and distinct identity. Michal Biran placed the Khitans irrevocably and centrally in mediaeval Asian history and this study emphasises their role in the establishment of the Mongol Empire.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-152
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• 2022

Both in popular perception and specialized literature, the Achaemenid Empire, for over two centuries the most important player from the Aegean to the Indus, is rarely evoked in correlation with the complex of socio-cultural dynamics which shaped the spaces of what has become known as the Silk Road(s). Building on the case study of the Pazyryk carpet on the one hand (King 2021, 353-361, Linduff and Rubinson 2021, 88-97), and of the spread of an artistic motive such as the quatrefoil on the other (Kim 2021), this paper explores the rich and complex nature of the commercial networks that flourished across Central Asia under the aegis of Achaemenid Great Kings. Both archaeological and literary evidence shall be discussed (especially the Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria: Naveh and Shaked 2012, and now King 2021, 315-320). If taken together and read against the grain, such material is significant for the following reasons. First, it suggests the existence - and the scale - of commercial activities directly fostered or indirectly promoted by the imperial administration in Central Asia, an area of crucial importance within the Achaemenid domains, but for which our evidence is rather scanty and difficult to assess. Second, it shows how the Achaemenid "Imperial Paradigm" (Henkelman 2017) affected the social and economic landscape of Central Asia even after the demise of the Empire itself, thus considerably shaping the world of the Silk Road(s) a century before the Ancient Sogdian Letters (de la Vaissière 2005, 43-70) or Zhāng Quiān's famous report.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.79-97
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• 2008

This paper is a study on the Bisotun relief of the Achaemenid Dynasty in ancient Persia. The Bisotun relief consists of the relief and the inscriptions which was completed through 7 phases. The inscriptions describe how King Darius suppressed the rebels in Elamite, Babili and ancient Persian languages. This relief is a work during the early Darius period and it describes using the traditions of Mesopotamia in terms of the theme and structure. In terms of structural features, it follows the typical features of the Assyrian arts, the beard and the shape of hair style. On the other hand, the smooth curves used to describe the creases of the clothes and the supple body was not a typical oriental feature. It was known to be because of Greek influence from their communications. It also showed the dressings of the clans that made up the Achaemenid Dynasty through the 9 rebellions wearing clothes unique to their clan and the inscription that was inscribed with the name of the clans. The clothing and ornaments they were wearing can be divided into two groups, the clans that wore one-piece style Persian dress and clans that wore tunic jackets and trousers which is a typical dressing style of the nomads.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.25-49
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• 2020

This essay, based on an oral presentation, provides the non-specialist, with an evaluation of the Mongols' influence and China and, to a lesser extent, on Russia and the Middle East. Starting in the 1980s, specialists challenged the conventional wisdom about the Mongol Empire's almost entirely destructive influence on global history. They asserted that Mongols promoted vital economic, social, and cultural exchanges among civilizations. Chinggis Khan, Khubilai Khan, and other rulers supported trade, adopted policies of toleration toward foreign religions, and served as patrons of the arts, architecture, and the theater. Eurasian history starts with the Mongols. Exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art confirmed that the Mongol era witnessed extraordinary developments in painting, ceramics, manuscript illustration, and textiles. To be sure, specialists did not ignore the destruction and killings that the Mongols engendered. This reevaluation has prompted both sophisticated analyses of the Mongols' legacy in Eurasian history. The Ming dynasty, the Mongols' successor in China, adopted some of the principles of Mongol military organization and tactics and were exposed to Tibetan Buddhism and Persian astronomy and medicine. The Mongols introduced agricultural techniques, porcelain, and artistic motifs to the Middle East, and supported the writing of histories. They also promoted Sufism in the Islamic world and influenced Russian government, trade, and art, among other impacts. Europeans became aware, via Marco Polo who traveled through the Mongols' domains, of Asian products, as well as technological, scientific, and philosophical innovations in the East and were motivated to find sea routes to South and East Asia.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2016

Iran's relations with the Far East date back to the Parthian Period. Despite this, the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and the escape of Yazdgird's survivors is currently being re-evaluated as the beginning of a new chapter in bilateral ties, especially between Iran and China and Iran and Silla. In a chapter of $Ku{\check{s}}-n{\bar{a}}meh$ (KN), the text describes Silla (an individual's name) as the father of the people of Silla (toponym). In this paper, I have tried to give a reasonable interpretation for this narration by KN. Also I have frequently referred to other texts to present a comparative study that supports my claim.

• 복식
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.124-144
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• 2008

This study is taken as the part of the cultural research on the Kaspian coastal region, which has a great significance as the start of human civilization and in the history of cultural exchange. This study is focused on the Achaemenid dynasty of the great Persian Empire that Iranians have established on the Parsa region, south of Iran on 6-4th century B.C. This research limits to the tribute-relief illustrated on the stairs of Apadana Palace in Persepolis during the age of Achaemenid dynasty. The objective of this research is classify and analyze Persians and its neighboring tribes, their dresses and the detailed elements of the dresses to complete the typology of the dresses in that period and use this to categorize the features of nomadic and agricultural tribes of costal areas of the Mediterranean Sea to Northern India and study the cultural exchange and its effects. Furthermore, we aim to use the above typology to revise the typology of the Korean traditional dresses that were formerly just sorted as a type of coat-trousers that classified as a nomadian Scythian dress type. The results of above analysis are as follows: The clothing of many tribes living in the coastal areas of Mediterranean Sea to the Northern India in the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia on 6th century B.C. shows that the typology of the dressings have close relationship with the region they live in. Such typology is displayed differently from tribes east and west of Iran. The tribes west of Iran showed characteristics of an agricultural tribe and the tribes east of Iran displayed features of a nomadic tribe. In addition, uniformed styles of dressing were displayed amongst many tribes sharing a common lineage. Such inference came from the fact that similar styles of dressings were identified not only in tribes east of Iran but also in tribes west of Iran.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.67-85
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• 2009

중앙아시아 횡단철도는 가스피해 횡단철도, 카자린스크 철도, 투르케스탄-시베리아 철도, 카자흐스탄 횡단철도 등으로 구성된다. 중앙아시아 인구의 약 1/5에 해당하는 주민들이 이 철도를 중심으로 거주하고 있으며, 중앙아시아 경제의 70%정도가 이 횡단철도를 기반으로 하고 있다. 유라시아의 심장지역으로 간주되고 있는 중앙아시아 횡단철도의 건설은 해양세력과의 지정학적 경쟁, 변경지역과 중심지역간의 연계 강화 및 중앙아시아 경제의 특성화가 주 목적이었다. 구소련의 붕괴 이후 중앙아시아 각국의 모든 철로망이 주로 러시아와 연계를 맺고 있지만, 그 외 인근국가들과의 연계망이 미흡한 상태에 있다. 장기적으로 중앙아시아 횡단철도의 발전을 위해 해결해야 할 과제가 많지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 동서로는 동아시아와 유럽을, 그리고 남북으로는 러시아/발틱해와 인도양/페르시아만을 연결하는 대륙의 교량으로서의 역할은 여전히 유효하다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.158-176
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the cultural diversity in terms of costumes by analyzing the costumes depicted in the early Kushan Dynasty relics, Tillya Tepe. As a research method, literature research and artifact analysis were conducted in parallel. The type of costume worn by the king (or priest) was in the type of a jacket and skirt, which was thought to be of Persian influence. The Greek god of Dionysos was wearing a costume with Danryong (團領) and narrow sleeves, a nomadic type of Central Asia. It could be seen that costumes were transformed into indigenous elements of the region. The shape of the helmet worn by the warrior was a Greek-Macedonian helmet. However, details were transformed into indigenous elements of the Kushan dynasty. The clothing of a nobleman riding a carriage was an element of dress that was observed in Chinese po(袍), and was an unusual element not found in nomadic peoples. There were goddesses wearing Greek robes like Aphrodite in Tillya Tepe's relics. On the other hand, there were goddesses who did not wear Greek chitons like the Greek goddess Athena. Instead, they wore high-waisted robes worn by the Orient goddesses. In addition, after Kushan occupied India, there were Indian elements believed to be expressed by accepting Indian culture. These elements were combined with regional orient elements of the Kushan dynasty, Central Asian elements, and Kushan's own elements. Thus cultural diversity emerged in the costumes depicted in Tillya Tepe artifacts.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.441-447
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• 2022

대한민국 육군은 우리 사회 최대 화두 중 하나인 지속적인 출산율 감소와 저출산 문제가 병력 부족으로 인한 안보 공백으로 이어질 것을 예측하고, 2010년 병역법을 개정하여 이전까지 입대에 제한을 두었던 '외관상 명백한 혼혈인'의 입대를 의무화했다. 그 결과 2011년에는 50여 명의 다문화 가족 자녀가 입대하였으며, 당시 병무청은 2020년이후 매년 8천 명 이상이 입대할 것으로 예상하였다. 이는 육군에 또 다른 도전을 야기한다. 서로 다른 언어, 종교, 식습관에 대한 이해와 존중이 결여될 경우 구성원들 간의 갈등이 발생할 수 있으며 이는 전투력 약화로 이어질 것이다. 이에 세계 강군의 다문화 적용 사례 연구를 통해 다문화에 대한 존중의 성공, 실패 역사와 현재 미(美) 육군의 다문화 존중 정책을 연구하여 우리 육군의 지향점을 고찰하고자 한다.