• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.215-222
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral health behaviors and periodontal diseases in adult obese people. Using the original data of the second phase of the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey, the final 4381 adults were extracted. We analyzed frequency and technical statistics and chi - square test and multiple logistic regression analysis using SPSS statistical program to confirm the association between body mass index, number of brushing, drinking, smoking and oral health status and behavior. As a result, the prevalence of periodontal disease decreased as the number of toothbrushing increased, and the prevalence of periodontal disease increased as the body mass index increased. Through this study, obesity, a global health issue, should be more concerned with oral care and develop oral health management programs.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.345-351
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• 1993

Various alloplastic materials have been used on the periodontally diseased ossous defects. Hydroxyapatite, which is used the most common alloplastic material is a non-resorbable form of calcium phosphate and natural coral which is a biodegradable by carbonic anhydrase in osteoclast was introduced recently. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effects of porous hydoxyapatite and natural coral on the human periodontal defects. Four males and three females who had adult periodontitis were selected for this study. The teeth that had similar bone loss radiographically and periodontal pocket deeper than 5mm were selected. Gingival recession, pocket depth, plaque index(Silness & Loe), sulcus bleeding index and tooth mobility (measured by Periotest$^{(r)}$) were examined before graft. Before insertion of alloplastic materials, the depth from CEJ to bone crest and from CEJ to base of the osseous defect was recorded. Porous particulate hydroxyapatite(Interpore 200$^{(r)}$, A group) was place on the defect and natural coral(Biocoral$^{(r)}$, B group) was placed on the defect of the opposing tooth. Six months post-surgically the same parameters were recorded by reentry procedures. A and B group showed 0.6mm of mean recession. Mean reduction of pocket depth were 5mm for A group and 4.9mm of B group. Reduced SBI and tooth mobility were recorded. Osseous defect fills of the original defects were 2.9mm for A and 3mm for B group. Percentage defect fills were 71% for A and 59% for B group. The difference of defect fill between pre- and post-insertion was statstically significant(p<0.05). But the difference between the two groups was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The clinical impression at 6 month re-entry and the numerical date indicate that natural coral as well as porous particulate hydoxyapatite has a definite potential as an alloplastic implant in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of metronidazole 25% dental gel that was applied to periodontal pockets who have moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis were selected for this study. The quadrants that had 2 or 3teeth with 5-8mm probing pocket depth were selected and divided into test side and control side according to the split-mouth design. The metronidazole 25% dental gel applied on test side and 0.12% chlorhexidine solution applicated on positive control side, normal saline irrigation into periodontal pocket was applicated to negative control side respectively. Above procedures followed scaling and root planing at baseline(0week). The subgingival sterile saline irrigation and chlorhexidine irrigation were done for about 30 seconds respectively. The metronidazole 25% dental gel was applied to periodontal pocket at 0,1 week in the test side. The clinical and microbiological analysis carried out at baseline(0week) and 4,8 weeks. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth were significantly reduced in the test group. The relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were significantly reduced to negative control group and the proportion of cocci was correspondingly increased in the test group. 2. The sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth were significantly reduced in metronidazole group. and, there was a significant differences between 2 groups. Also, the relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were reduced in both group. And, there was a significant differences between 2 groups. In conclusion, application of metronidazole 25% dental gel as an adjunct to mechanical debridement of root surfaces may improved the clinical and microbiological status of periodontal disease sites.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1994

It has been believed that antioxidant enzymes such as CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase protect the tissue from damage resulting from the oxygen derived free radicals($O_2\;^-$, $H_2O_2$ and OH ). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between activity of antioxidant enzymes including CuZn- and Mn- superoxide dismutase and catalase and inflammatory periodontal disease and periodontal parameters. For this study, the patients were classified into normal, gingivitis, adult periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis, and then their papillary bleeding index(PBI) and probing depth were checked. Gingival tissues were surgically obtained from the patients during periodontal surgery, extraction, and clinical crown lengthening procedure. The activity of CuZn- and Mn- superoxide dismutase and catalase in the gingival tissues was measured by using UV-spectrophotometer by the same methods as Crapo et al. And Aebi did, respectively. The results were as follows : 1. CuZn- and Mn- and total-superoxide dismutase activity were significantly low in rapidly progressive periodontitis group in comparison to normal group (P<0.05). 2. In comparison of the antioxidant enzyme activity according to papillary bleeding index group(PBI), Mn-superoxide dismutase activity only was significantly lower in PBI 2, 3, and 4 groups than PBI 0 group(P<0.05). 3. Superoxide dismutase activity failed to show any significant difference according to probing depth. But significant]y high catalase activity was shown in deep pocket group (${\ge}7mm$)(P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that the activity of Mn-superoxide dismutase among the antioxidant enzymes may reflect the inflammatory status of gingival tissue and that the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase may be one of responsibe factors for progression of rapidly progressive periodontitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of study was to compare glycemic control using glycated hemoglobin levels ($HbA_{1c}$) in diabetic patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) undergoing scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without systemic doxycycline. Methods: Fifty subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus ($T_2DM$) and CGP receiving antidiabetic therapy were selected for study. The selected subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (test group [TG] and control group [CG]) comprising 25 patients each. The TG received SRP followed by systemic doxycycline. The CG received treatment with SRP only. The periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline (day zero), and every 1 month for 4 months and included probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, gingival index, and $HbA_{1c}$ level were recorded at baseline (day zero) and at the end of 4 months. Results: A statistically significant effect was demonstrated for the periodontal parameters for both the TG and CG. $HbA_{1c}$ values did not show a statistically significant difference in the treatment group as compared to the CG. Conclusions: The authors concluded that nonsurgical periodontal therapy improved glycemic control in patients with $T_2DM$ in both groups, but no statistical difference was observed with adjunctive systemic doxycycline therapy. A further study with a larger sample size is required.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2009

Objectives: Smoking is related to periodontal disease and periodontal therapy. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of professional tooth cleaning and plaque control instruction (PT & PCI) for smoking behavior. Methods: A total of 151 adults were investigated using the O'Leary Plaque Index (PI), $L\ddot{o}e$ & Silness gingival index (GI) and the number of sextants possessing periodontal pocket (SPP). And adults were given a through dental scaling and Watanabe method for dental plaque control. Follow up examination were conducted after 3 months and compared the pre and post- status. The collected data were analyzed with t-test, paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Regardless of smoking behavior, improving effects were identified after PT & PCI on PI, GI and SPP in the whole population. However, the effects of GI improvement were significant in the smoking group alone; those of PI improvement were most significant in the non-smoking group; and those of SPP improvement were more significant in non-smoking and pre-smoking groups than in the smoking group. The shorter period of smoking and the smaller amount of smoking, the greater effects of PT & PCI by smoking-related characteristics. Conclusion: Smoking cessation instruction should necessarily be included in oral health education in that smoking is an important factor to consider in prevention of periodontal diseases and periodontal therapies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2016

Purpose: This study evaluated the predictive performance of a combination of self-report questionnaires, salivary hemoglobin levels, and age as a non-invasive screening method for periodontitis. Methods: The periodontitis status of 202 adults was examined using salivary hemoglobin levels, responses to 10 questions on a self-report questionnaire, and the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The ability of those two variables and the combination thereof with age to predict the presence of CPI scores of 3-4 and 4 was assessed using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: CPI scores of 3-4 and 4 were present among 79.7% and 46.5% of the sample, respectively. The area under the ROC curves (AUROCs) of salivary hemoglobin levels for predicting prevalence of CPI scores of 3-4 and 4 were 0.63 and 0.67, respectively (with sensitivity values of 71% and 60% and specificity values of 56% and 72%, respectively). Two distinct sets of five questions were associated with CPI scores of 3-4 and 4, with AUROCs of 0.73 and 0.71, sensitivity values of 76% and 66%, and specificity values of 63% and 69%. The combined model incorporating both variables and age showed the best predictive performance, with AUROCs of 0.78 and 0.76, sensitivity values of 71% and 65%, and specificity values of 68% and 77% for CPI scores of 3-4 and 4, respectively. Conclusions: The combination of salivary hemoglobin levels and self-report questionnaires was shown to be a valuable screening method for detecting periodontitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.65.2-65.2
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• 1983

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2009

Purpose: There are numerous reports about the usefulness of antibiotics such as doxycycline or metronidazole in the conventional treatment for the patients with chronic periodontal diseases. However, seldom are the reports about effects of vitamins or nutraceuticals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutrient supplement including multiple vitamins and neutraceuticals with PRF-K2 from plants and seaweed in treatment of the patients with chronic periodontitis which is needed a nonsurgical or a surgical treatment by evaluating the clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid volume. Methods: The systemically healthy and nonsmoking patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were divided into a nonsurgical group and a surgical group. They were also divided into the test group with nutrient supplements and the control group without nutrient supplements. In the nonsurgical group, the clinical parameters (probing depth, clinical attachment level, sulcus bleeding index, and plaque index) and the gingival crevicular fluid volume were checked on baseline, at 1 week, at 3 week and at 9 week after a supplement treatment. In the surgical group, the clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid volume were also checked at 15 week after a surgical treatment. Results: In both nonsurgical and surgical groups, reduction of pocket depth and increment of clinical attachment level were revealed in the test group compared with the control group, but there was not statistically significant difference (p>0.05), and sulcus bleeding index was decreased with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). In addition, plaque index was decreased with statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the nonsurgical group. Gingival crevicular fluid volume was decreased with statistically significant difference (p<0.05) at week 9 in both non-surgical and surgical groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that providing nutrient supplement in both nonsurgical or surgical periodontal treatments may improve gingival inflammation and gingival crevicular fluid.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.228-237
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• 2019

Background: This study aimed to investigate allergic rhinitis and the relationship between allergic diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, and dental caries and periodontal disease using the raw data from third year of the 6th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: A total of 3,729 subjects aged over 30 years who underwent examination for allergic diseases and an oral health checkup were selected. The data were analyzed using SPSS IBM SPSS ver. 25.0 (IBM Corp., USA). Composite sample cross correlation and composite sample logistic regression analyses were performed using the composite sample general linear model. Results: On examining the socioeconomic characteristics of the subjects suffering from allergic disease and the relationship between allergic disease and oral health, allergic rhinitis was more frequently found in younger subjects with a higher level of education. Periodontal disease and dental caries were more frequent among female, older age groups, lower income earners, and subjects with a lower level of education (p<0.05). On examining the relationship between the oral health characteristics of the subject and allergic diseases and oral health, allergic rhinitis was more common in subjects with a good oral health status perception than those who answered "bad" to the oral health status question. The community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) score was higher in subjects who answered "poor" to the oral health status question, lower frequency of brushing, and higher in subjects using secondary oral hygiene products; the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index was higher in subjects with a perception of poor oral health status (p<0.05). The DMFT index was high in the asthma group, and the CPITN score was high in the group who answered "no" to allergic rhinitis. Conclusion: There is a relationship between asthma and allergic rhinitis and the DFMT index and CPITN score. Corresponding oral programs for allergic patients need to be developed.