• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.41-51
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• 2002

The author of the paper investigated the changes of hairstyle along the developments in hairdressing industry in the 20th century. The development process of hairdressing industry was divided into four periods of introduction, origination, growth, and establishment. The corresponding changes of hairstyle were analyzed and the findings are as follows. 1. Hairstyle could be classified into such typical ones as traditional style, cut, bob, wave, permanent wave, up style, and hair coloring. 2. Fashion leaders affected the changes of hairstyle. 3. Whenever hairdressing appliances were introduced, new hairstyle was practiced as follows with the use of the appliances. (1) Introduction Period - Traditional Style : Chignon, pigtail ribbon $\rightarrow$ Variations were designed in hair length or split due to the limited availability of appliances. - Up Style : Pompadour, thick and up hair, encircling hair $\rightarrow$ Padding was used for sweep-up. (2) Origination Period - Bob Style : Women's first bob style. - Wave style : Wave with bob, close-cropped hair, up style $\rightarrow$ Iron, set, permanent devices were used. (3) Development Period - Wave Style : Wind wave, easily manageable wave $\rightarrow$ Blow dry, body permanent were used. (4) Establishment Period - Straight Style : Use of straight permanent. - Thick Wave Style : Development of various kinds of rod. - Hair Coloring : Advent of diverse fashion hair coloring, apart from the coloring of white hair, with the introduction of color TV. - Bob Style : Romantic bob style $^{\circ}\hat{E}$ Use of clippers and thinning scissors. Thus, the changes of hairstyle according to the development in hairdressing industry had close relationship with the improvement in hairdressing appliances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.6 s.154
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• pp.981-991
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the practicability of an experimental protective clothing by identifying the human body's physiological responses to it as well as the human body's comfort level when wearing it, particularly with the use of a processed charcoal material. The experimental protective clothing came in two types: one whose outer side made use of polypropylene film, and the inner side, a non-woven rayon fabric; and one whose inner side made use of a non-woven fabric processed with charcoal with a 10% density. Experiments were conducted on five healthy adult women whose average age was 21. These experiments were conducted at a climatic chamber, in which the temperature and relative humidity were set below $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;and\;50{\pm}10%$, respectively, and were measured within a period of 60min, consisting of a 20-min rest period, a 20-min exercise period, and a 20-min recovery period. Based on the results of this study, the efficiency of the processed charcoal material was reviewed, and a database requiring the production of more functional and comfortable protective clothing materials was established.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.142-155
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is a significant efficacy difference on infant and young child atopic dermatitis patients treated with Korean Medicine Treatment through 6 months between topical steroid used group and non-steroid group. Methods: The degree of atopic dermatitis was measured by the Objective SCORAD Index (OSI) with photographs of patients. Detailed analysis of the OSI score was compared based on the use of topical steroid. Results: 1. There was not a significant difference between the topical steroid group and the non-steroid group in regards of gender, age and initial OSI score. 2. The non-steroid group's OSI score decreased significantly from 50.17 to 29.20. 3. The topical steroid group's OSI score decreased significantly from 54.21 to 34.95. 76.19% of the patients in the topical steroid group discontinued steroid use within the 6-month period. The average time of discontinuation since the beginning of treatment was 3.36 months. 4. The OSI Improvement rate comparison of topical steroid group with non-steroid group did not show a significant difference over a 3-month and 6-month period. 5. Distribution of severe cases decreased in Both topical steroid and non-steroid group after 6 month treatment. Conclusions: The OSI score of infant and young child atopic dermatitis patients in both topical steroid and non-steroid group was decreased significantly with Korean medicine treatment through 6 months. There was no significant difference between topical steroid group and non-steroid group in OSI improvements over a 3-month period and 6-month period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.3-6
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• 2000

Antimicrobial resistance has been a well-recognized problem ever since the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. History of antimicrobial development can be categorized based on the major antibiotics that had been developed against emerging resistant $pathogens^1$. In the first period from 1940 to 1960, penicillin was a dominating antibiotic called as a "magic bullet", although S.aureus armed with penicillinase led antimicrobial era to the second period in 1960s and 1970s. The second stage was characterized by broad-spectrum penicillins and early generation cephalosporins. During this period, nosocomial infections due to gram-negative bacilli became more prevalent, while those caused by S.aureus declined. A variety of new antimicrobial agents with distinct mechanism of action including new generation cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitors, and quinolones characterized the third period from 1980s to 1990s. However, extensive use of wide variety of antibiotics in the community and hospitals has fueled the crisis in emerging antimicrobial resistance. Newly appeared drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing Klebsiella, and VRSA have posed a serious threat in many parts of the world. Given the recent epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and its clinical impact, there is no greater challenge related to emerging infections than the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Problems of antimicrobial resistance can be amplified by the fact that resistant clones or genes can spread within or between the species as well as to geographically distant areas which leads to a global concern$^2$. Antimicrobial resistance is primarily generated and promoted by increased use of antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, as many as 50 % of prescriptions for antibiotics are reported to be inappropriate$^3$. Injudicious use of antibiotics even for viral upper respiratory infections is a universal phenomenon in every part of the world. The use of large quantities of antibiotics in the animal health industry and farming is another major factor contributing to selection of antibiotic resistance. In addition to these background factors, the tremendous increase in the immunocompromised hosts, popular use of invasive medical interventions, and increase in travel and mixing of human populations are contributing to the resurgence and spread of antimicrobial resistance$^4$. Antimicrobial resistance has critical impact on modem medicine both in clinical and economic aspect. Patients with previously treatable infections may have fatal outcome due to therapeutic failure that is unusual event no more. The potential economic impact of antimicrobial resistance is actually uncountable. With the increase in the problems of resistant organisms in the 21st century, however, additional health care costs for this problem must be enormously increasing.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2010

Large pressure on the growing population has increased rapid change in the LULC (land use/land cover) patterns in the watershed area. Spatial distribution of LULC information and its changes are desirable for any effective planning, managing and monitoring activities. The aim of the study is to produce the 1,50,000 scaled LULC change map for the sub-watershed, Western Moyar, India using the multi-temporal satellite image dataset of IRS LISS III images for the year 1989, 1999, and 2002. About 9 classes are extracted using onscreen visual interpretation techniques for all the three years. The change detection analysis was performed using matrix method for period I (1989-1999) and period II (1999-2002). The study reveals that the changes noticed in period II (1999-2002) is comparatively more than period I (1989-1999), which is dynamic information to protect the sub-watershed area from the deterioration and paves the way to for the sustainable development.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify influencing factors of using numbers and period of complementary and alternative therapy (CAT) among chronic patients. Methods: The study employed a descriptive design. The participants were 221 chronic patients. Data were collected in a pharmacy near a general hospital from April to July, 2008. Results: Influencing factors on using number of CAT were age, numbers of disease, period of used CAT and monthly expenses on CAT (the ability to explain, 79.9%). Influencing factors on using period of CAT were the period of illness and using number of CAT (the ability to explain, 44.9%). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that chronic patients need counseling and guides about using CAT especially for those are older and have many kinds and longer period of diseases.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.39-70
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• 2020

This paper examines the changing roles of ownership in the economic growth by using a panel data set of 30 provinces in China for the period (1999-2010). With the use of absolute and relative presence variables, this study shows that private enterprises have emerged as the engine of economic growth in China in the later period (2005-2010). The growing size and number of private enterprises are positively linked to growth. However, though foreign-invested enterprises have been acclaimed as the main contributors to economic growth in China, they have minimal effect on the economic growth in the later period. State-owned enterprises have a significant and negative effect on the economic growth in the later period. The results can be interpreted that the engine of growth in China has been changed over time from other ownerships to private ownership. Private companies have developed a lot in every respect and started to lead the economy for long-run growth. China initiated its economic growth by adopting foreign capital and it is still the top destination for foreign direct investment among developing countries. However, to sustain the growth over a long period, private sector should be of great importance and perform a key role in the view of catch-up economics.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 2022

Purpose: This report presents the first known use of a rigid endoscope with augmented reality technology for the removal of an odontogenic cyst that penetrated the maxillary sinus and illustrates its practical use in a patient. Materials and Methods: In the preoperative period, cone-beam computed tomography was performed in a specially designed marker holder frame, and the contours of the cyst and the nearest anatomical formations were segmented in the 3D Slicer program. During the operation, a marker was installed on the patient's head, as well as on the tip of the endoscope, which made it possible to visualize the mass and the movement of the endoscope. The surgical intervention was performed with the support of augmented reality in HoloLens glasses (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Results: The use of this technology improved the accuracy of surgical manipulations, reduced operational risks, and shortened the time of surgery and the rehabilitation period. Conclusion: With the help of modern technologies, a navigation system was created that helped to track the position of the endoscope in mixed reality in real time, as well as to fully visualize anatomical formations.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.101-109
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• 2014

The use of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the perinatal period is suspected of being associated with adverse effects on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants. Repeated administration of antenatal GCs to mothers at risk of preterm birth may adversely affect fetal growth and head circumference. Fetal exposure to excess GCs during critical periods of brain development may profoundly modify the limbic system (primarily the hippocampus), resulting in long-term effects on cognition, behavior, memory, co-ordination of the autonomic nervous system, and regulation of the endocrine system later in adult life. Postnatal GC treatment for chronic lung disease in premature infants, particularly involving the use of dexamethasone, has been shown to induce neurodevelopmental impairment and increases the risk of cerebral palsy. In contrast to studies involving postnatal dexamethasone, long-term follow-up studies for hydrocortisone therapy have not revealed adverse effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes. In experimental studies on animals, GCs has been shown to impair neurogenesis, and induce neuronal apoptosis in the immature brains of newborn animals. A recent study has demonstrated that dexamethasone-induced hypomyelination may result from the apoptotic degeneration of oligodendrocyte progenitors in the immature brain. Thus, based on clinical and experimental studies, there is enough evidence to advice caution regarding the use of GCs in the perinatal period; and moreover, the potential long-term effects of GCs on brain development need to be determined.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.79-100
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• 2004

This study attempted to examine the employment instability on consumer's use of credit as a financing medium. The purpose of this study was 1) to examine the effect of employment related factors on consumers' use of credit; 2) to compare the results between the two different economic situations. A conceptual framework was developed based on the permanent income hypothesis, family stress theory, and the previous empirical studies. Using data on working households ih the 1992 and 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), double-hurdle analyses were conducted. The results suggested that employment related factors that measured employment stability were significantly related to the likelihood of having an outstanding balance on their credit account but were not the influential factors in determining the amount of the outstanding balance. Among other factors, resources factor played the most significant role in determining both the likelihood of having an outstanding balance and the amount of the balance. Although the 1992 and 1998 data represent economic downturn and economic prosperous period, the effects of the factors including employment instability factors were similar between the two periods. This imply that employment instability has increased even in the economic prosperous period. From the findings, several implications for policy makers, credit industry, and financial educators were suggested.