• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the GHP system with 45 cast-in-place energy piles(CEP) for a commercial building. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of a sustainable performance of the system, transient simulations were conducted over 1-year and 20-year periods, respectively. The 1-year simulation results showed that the maximum and minimum temperatures of brine returning from the CEPs were $23.91^{\circ}C$ and $6.66^{\circ}C$, which were in a range of design target temperatures. In addition, after 20 years' operation, these returning temperatures decreased to $21.24^{\circ}C$ and $3.68^{\circ}C$, and finally reached to stable state. Annual average extraction heat of cast-in-place energy piles was 94.3 MWh and injection heat was 65.7 MWh from the 20 years of simulation results. Finally, it is expected this GHP system can operate with average heating SPF of more than 3.45 for long-term.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 1999

This study was carried out to analyze chemical components in burley tobacco using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). Samples were collected in '96 and '97 crop year. Calibration equations were developed by modified partial least square. The standard error performance(SEP) of '96 crop year samples between NIRS and standard laboratory analysis were 0.25% for nicotine, 0.18% for total nitrogen, 0.59% for crude ash, 0.32% for ether extracts, and 0.14% for chlorine, respectively. The analytical results of '97 crop year samples were similar to those of '96 crop year samples. The analytical result of '97 crop year samples analyzed by '96 calibration equation was more inaccurate than that of '96 crop year samples. The SEP of '96 or '97 crop year samples applying calibration equation derived from '96 plus '97 crop year samples was similar to that of '96 or '97 crop year samples analyzed by '96 or '97 calibration equation, respectively. The SEP of '97 crop year samples analyzed by calibration equation derived from '96 plus '97 crop year samples was more accurate than that of '97 crop year samples analyzed by '96 calibration equation. To improve the analytical inaccuracy caused by the difference of crop year between calibration and prediction samples, we need to include the prediction sample spectra which were different from calibration sample spectra in recalibration sample spectra, and then develop recalibration equation. The NIRS can apply to analyze burley leaf tobacco, leaf process or tobacco manufacturing process which were required the rapid analytical result.

• Architectural research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2012

Build-Transfer-Lease (BTL) was introduced to the domestic construction market in 2005. Now, seven years later, the BTL model is most active for educational facilities. In 2011, 93 educational facility projects entered the maintenance stage. Considering the characteristics of today's BTL projects for educational facilities, the main issues are the initial performance and maintenance of educational facilities and the service-providing status for the 20-year operational management period, in relation to providing safety and convenience to students, the facility users. Seeking a solution, local education offices and departments in charge of BTL under the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology have been exploring various methods of evaluating operational maintenance performance from various perspectives. For educational facility BTL projects, however, the appropriateness of initial operation performance evaluation, rather than considering the 20-year operational management period, is controversial in regards to sustainability. On this account, performance evaluation items in four areas-operational maintenance evaluation, facility performance status evaluation, maintenance subject evaluation, and sustainable change response evaluation-should be extracted. An indicator of facility performance evaluation is presented in this study through an AHP survey targeting experts, as part of establishing an operation performance evaluation system for educational facility BTL projects.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1057-1067
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• 2016

National Competency Standards are the major administrative project to build a competence-based society. The manpower for the global society should be recognized by performance rather than educational records. Therefore, all colleges should first nurture NCS-type manpower based on field needs. This study comparatively analyzed the differences between the lecture style of four-year colleges and the outcomes of problem-solving and project-based learning method to prove why it is necessary to introduce the NCS program. Especially, It will review the constraints and measures of NCS introduction to overcome in a four-year university. Through this, it can be used as a means to help improve the field conformity of a four-year college curriculum by presenting the development and utilization of curriculum-based NCS in a four-year university. As a result, it was found that the overall satisfaction with the problem-solving and project-based learning method was above average. Many students were dissatisfied with the traditional teaching methods and the new project-based learning method was relatively effective in college education. Students' participation also improved. Based on the evaluation of learning performance, the new method was found more satisfactory than the old teaching method in terms of comprehension of professional knowledge in various fields, nurturing of logical thinking skills, acquisition of analytical skills, comprehensive thinking skills, creative problem recognition, and open-minded thinking skills.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.207-219
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• 2006

The present study was designed to investigate the comprehension of 'who' and 'what' questions in 2- to 3-year-old normal children. Sixty children were divided into 3 groups depending on their ages, i.e., age groups 2;6-2;11, 3;0-3:5, and 3;6-3;11. Three types of 'who' questions and 2 types of 'what' questions were generated depending on the attached case markers, i.e., who-nominative, who-accusative, who-dative, what-nominative, and what-accusative. The children watched 36 cuts of short video recordings. After watching each cut, they were asked to answer one of the 5 types of wh-questions. For the 'who-nominative' and 'what-accusative' questions, even the late 2-year-old children performed with over 70% of accuracy, and the late 3-year-old children performed with over 95% of accuracy. For the 'who-accusative' and 'who-dative' questions, the late 2-year olds exhibited difficulty in comprehension with performance accuracy of 41% and 33%, respectively. However, the late 3-year olds could comprehend those questions correctly with over 90% of accuracy. On the other hand, in answering 'what-nominative' questions, the children did not show rapid development across the age groups, as the mean performance accuracies of the 3 groups were 39%, 49%, and 59%, respectively. The results indicated that children's understanding of a wh- question is largely affected by the case of the interrogative.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2012

Purpose: Precepted video review (PVR) has been considered one of the methods for the remediation of clinical performance examinations (CPX). This study quantified the effect of brief PVR on CPX scores. Methods: For two years, final-year students (61 students in the 1st year's cohort and 54 in the 2nd year's cohort) participated in CPXs. The scores on the initial CPX were announced to the students shortly after that CPX administration. There was no PVR after the initial CPX in the 1st year. All participants of the 2nd year were notified of the opportunity to voluntarily receive brief PVR after the initial CPX. Several months after the initial CPX, the students took the latter CPX in both years. The differences of scores between initial and latter CPX were compared in good performers and poor performers of the initial CPX. Results: Thirteen poor performers and 8 good performers received PVR in the 2nd year. In the 1st year, history taking (Hx), physical examination, and patient physician interaction (PPI) scores of the good performers of the initial CPX were significantly decreased on the latter CPX. In the 2nd year, the Hx and PPI scores of the good performers of the initial CPX, who received PVR, were significantly decreased at the latter CPX. The Hx and PPI scores of the poor performers of the initial CPX were significantly increased at the latter CPX in both years regardless of PVR. Conclusion: The changes in CPX scores according to PVR did not show any consistent trend. Brief PVR appears to be not sufficient for improving CPX scores.

• Hip & pelvis
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2023

Purpose: A variety of short Exeter stems designed specifically for use in performance of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in primary and revision settings have recently been introduced. Some have been used 'off label' for hip reconstruction. The aim of this study is to report clinical and radiological results from the Exeter V40 125 mm stem in performance of primary THA and revision THA. Materials and Methods: This study had a retrospective design. Insertion of 58 (24 primary, 34 revision) Exeter V40 125 mm stems was performed between 2015 and 2017. The minimum follow-up period was two years. Assessment of the Oxford hip score (OHS), EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D), and radiological follow-up was performed at one and two years. Results: In the primary group, the preoperative, mean OHS was 13.29. The mean OHS was 32.86 and 23.39 at one-year and two-year post-surgery, respectively. The mean EQ-5D-3L scores were at 0.14, 0.59, and 0.35, preoperatively, at one-year follow-up and two-year follow-up, respectively. In the revision group, the mean preoperative OHS was 19.41. The mean OHS was 30.55 and 26.05 at one-year and two-year post-surgery, respectively. The mean EQ-5D-3L scores were 0.33, 0.61, and 0.48 preoperatively, at one-year follow-up and two-year follow-up, respectively. No progressive or new radiolucent lines were observed around any stem at the time of the final follow-up in all patients in both groups. Conclusion: Encouraging results regarding use of Exeter V40 125 mm stems have been reported up to two years following surgery in primary and revision THA settings.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.943-952
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on corporate governance attributes and firm performance association. This research used a sample of 188 non-financial firms from the Malaysian market for the years 2019-2020. We found that the COVID-19 has affected all firm characteristics including firm performance, governance structure, dividend, liquidity, and leverage level, yet, the difference between prior and post COVID-19 pandemic is not significant. Also, the investigation revealed that board size exerts a significant positive impact on firm performance. After splitting the sample based on year, however, we found that board size does not matter in the uncertain time of the current crisis, while board diversity appeared to be significantly enhancing firm performance in the crisis time compared to the prior year where it has an inverse association with firm performance in both indicators. Board meetings and audit committee meetings seemed to have a significant negative influence on firm performance pre and post-COVID-19. This study contributes to the limited literature by providing the first empirical evidence on the impact of Coronavirus on the firm performance and corporate governance association.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.729-738
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• 2023

Objective: When multiple surveillance mammograms are performed within an annual interval, the current guidance for oneyear follow-up to determine breast cancer status results in shared follow-up periods in which a single breast cancer diagnosis can be attributed to multiple preceding examinations, posing a challenge for standardized performance assessment. We assessed the impact of using follow-up periods that eliminate the artifactual inflation of second breast cancer diagnoses. Materials and Methods: We evaluated surveillance mammograms from 2007-2016 in women with treated breast cancer linked with tumor registry and pathology outcomes. Second breast cancers included ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer diagnosed during one-year follow-up. The cancer detection rate, interval cancer rate, sensitivity, and specificity were compared using different follow-up periods: standard one-year follow-up per the American College of Radiology versus follow-up that was shortened at the next surveillance mammogram if less than one year (truncated follow-up). Performance measures were calculated overall and by indication (screening, evaluation for breast problem, and short interval follow-up). Results: Of 117971 surveillance mammograms, 20% (n = 23533) were followed by another surveillance mammogram within one year. Standard follow-up identified 1597 mammograms that were associated with second breast cancers. With truncated follow-up, the breast cancer status of 179 mammograms (11.2%) was revised, resulting in 1418 mammograms associated with unique second breast cancers. The interval cancer rate decreased with truncated versus standard follow-up (3.6 versus 4.9 per 1000 mammograms, respectively), with a difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) of -1.3 (-1.6, -1.1). The overall sensitivity increased to 70.4% from 63.7%, for the truncated versus standard follow-up, with a difference (95% CI) of 6.6% (5.6%, 7.7%). The specificity remained stable at 98.1%. Conclusion: Truncated follow-up, if less than one year to the next surveillance mammogram, enabled second breast cancers to be associated with a single preceding mammogram and resulted in more accurate estimates of diagnostic performance for national benchmarks.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.481-493
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• 2009

This study was conducted to performance appraisal of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), especially in terms of performance on development & reduction plan and water quality status of unit watershed. Because load allocations for pollution sources were predicted redundantly by uncertainty of prediction, TMDLs master plan has been frequently changed to acquire load allocation for local development. Therefore, It need to be developed more resonable prediction techniques of water pollution sources to preventing the frequent change. It is suggested that the reduction amount have to be distributed properly during the planning period. In other words, it has not to be concentrated on the specific year (especially final year of the planning period). The reason why, if the reduction amount concentrate on the final year of the planning period, allotment loading amount could not be achieved in some cases (e.g., insufficiency of budget, extension of construction duration). If the development plan was developed including uncertain developments, it is necessary to be developed reduction plan considered with them. However, some of the plans in the reduction plan could not be accomplished in some case. Because, it is not considered financial abilities of local governments. Consequently, development plan must be accomplished to avoid uncertain developments, and to consider financial assistance to support the implementation of effective plan. Water quality has been improved in many unit watersheds due to the TMDLs, especially in geum river and yeongsang/seomjin river.