• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to explore the development of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction and the perspective-taking ability and to examine its relation. The subjects were 104 children, 13 boys and 13 girls each at the age of 3, 4, 5, and 6. The performance of four age groups were compared on illusion appearance-reality, color appearance-reality, perceptual perspective-taking, and cognitive perspective-taking tasks. The data were collected by individual testing and analyzed by the two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The major results were as follows. 1. In children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction, significant differences were found between 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds, and 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds. While between 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds showed no such differences. Besides, gender did not affect the children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction. 2. There was significant difference in performance according to the type of tasks. That is 3-year-olds perform better illusion appearance-reality distintion than color appearance- reality distintion, while 4, 5, 6 year old children's performance of color appearance-reality and illusion appearance-reality distinction showed no difference. 3. In children's ability of perceptual perspective-taking, significant difference was found between 3, 4, 5-year-olds and 6-year-old children. And in ability of cognitive and perspective-taking, significant difference was found between 3, 4-year-olds and 6-year-old children. Besides, gender did not affect the children's perceptual and cognitive perspective-taking. 4. The color appearance-reality distinction and perceptual perspective-taking showed significant correlation. That is, the children of high grade for perceptual perspective-taking were better understanding of color appearance-reality distinction.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-132
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• 2013

Recent developments in embodied cognition suggest that people process environmental information by using their bodily state and mental simulation. The focus of embodiment theory is that cognitive processing is based on the interaction among the body, the mind, and the world. Based on embodied theories of cognition, the authors predict that when the representation of marathon running is activated, bodily feedback such as tiredness and thirst will occur because mental simulation of marathon running contains sensorimotor representation of marathon running. As a result, it is predicted that participants primed with marathon runner will have more desire to have products that enable thirsty-quenching. Specifically, this research proposes that consumers' tendency to adopt the perspective of others influences embodied cognition, since perspective taking leads people to assimilate their own self-judgments and behaviors toward the cognitive representations of others. An experiment reveals that both perceptual and cognitive perspective taking tendencies moderate how participants respond to the contextual cues. The effect of perspective taking is moderated by whether participants are prompted to adopt a first-person view or a third-person view. In detail, among the high perspective takers, those in the marathon-first-person condition drink more the mineral water than those in the marathon-third-person condition, who in turn drink more the mineral water than those in the control condition. Among the low perceptual perspective takers, however, there are no significant differences in the amount of mineral water intake. This research delivers important insights for advertising messages. When being exposed to an advertisement, high perspective taking consumers may be more engaged in the advertised message than low perspective taking consumers, which in turn high (vs. low) perspective taking consumers' tendency to respond behaviorally consistent with the message may be higher. Based on the findings of this research, if the message induces the high perspective taking consumers to have a first- (vs. third-) person view, this effect may be stronger. Moreover, if the advertising message contains behaviors, such as using the target product, inducing consumers to mimic the behaviors seems to bring more behavioral responses which marketers intend.

• Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2021

Objectives: Social function deficit is known as a core feature of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate differences in empathic tendencies and theory of mind (ToM) skills between healthy controls and young individuals with schizophrenia, and to examine the associations between empathic tendencies, ToM skills and schizotypy, and executive function in schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty patients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls were enrolled and assessed using the interpersonal relationship index (IRI; perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress subscales), ToM-Picture Story Task (ToM-PST; sequence and cognitive questionnaire), Wisconsin schizotypy scale (revised physical anhedonia and perceptual aberration), and Stroop tests for empathic tendencies, ToM skills, schizotypy, and executive function. Results: In individuals with schizophrenia, the IRI for perspective taking and ToM-PST score for cognitive function were lower, and the IRI for personal distress was higher than those in healthy controls. The IRIs for perspective taking and fantasy were related to revised physical anhedonia, and that for empathic concern was associated with revised physical anhedonia and perceptual aberration. The ToM-PST score for sequence was associated with the Stroop test score for schizophrenia. Conclusion: These findings indicate deficits in empathic tendencies and ToM skills, which may be independently and primarily associated with schizotypy and executive function in young individuals with schizophrenia.