• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the perception of parental sex role held by university students and to examine differences in perception of parental sex role according to student characteristics. Method: The participants were 336 university students in Gangreung city. The instrument of parental sex role was developed by the researcher and consisted of 3 subcategories; general parent role, parental sex role as a father and parental sex role as a mother. Results: The most positive item of parental sex role as a father is 'the Father's role is teaching about the value of society'. The most positive item of parental sex role as a mother is 'the Mother's role is to be a counselor or friend'. There were significant differences in perception of a father's role according to sex, type of college, fathers who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, the plan of marriage & having a child, responsibility of childrearing, and the need for education for the parental role. There were significant differences in perception of the mother's role according to sex, grade, type of college, birth order, type of family, persons who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, plan of marriage & having a child, responsibility of child-rearing, and the need for education for the parental role. Conclusion: The parental sex role changes overtime. Thus, it is important to identify university student's perception of parental sex roles as pre-parent preparation for parenting.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• 제3권
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• pp.107-120
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the clothing image perception of elderly women according to the clothing types, the clothing colors, the perceiver's sex-role attitude, and gender. Result of factor analysis revealed that the dimensions of clothing image perception was classified into four categories: evaluation, youth, warmth, and activity. Perceiver's sex-role attitude and gender gave a significant influence on the perception of evaluation factor. Youth factor had an interaction effect on the clothing types, clothing colors, and sex-role attitudes. The persons with a conservative sex-role attitude perceived the clothing image of warm color suits as younger than the one of cold colors. The clothing image of a warm colored Hanbok (Korean traditional dress) was perceived milder than a cold one, but there were no difference in suits. Bright color suits make the wearer look younger, and cold color suits make the wearer look active. The clothing color had greater influences on the warmth and the evaluation factor than clothing types. Persons who have a conservative sex-role attitude perceived the differences according to clothing types and colors in a traditional way. It could be certified that perceiver's sex-role attitude was one of the variables influencing his/her perception in social interaction.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.199-211
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• 2017

분석 결과 밝혀진 주요 사실들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개방결혼인식, 성역할고정관념, 혼외관계 수용성, 성적외도 실행의도 등에서 남성이 여성보다 유의하게 높은 수준을 보여 성별차이를 재확인하였다. 둘째, 남성의 경우, 성역할고정관념, 개방결혼인식, 혼외관계수용성은 성적외도실행의도에 각각 직접적인 효과를 미쳤고, 혼외관계수용성은 결혼개방성인식이 성적외도 실행의도에 미치는 영향에 유의미한 부분매개효과가 있는 것이 입증되었다. 성역할고정관념은 혼외관계 수용성에 직접적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지는 않았다. 셋째, 여성의 경우 성역할고정관념, 개방결혼에 대한 인식, 혼외관계수용성은 성적외도 실행의도에 각각 직접적인 효과를 미쳤고, 혼외관계 수용성은 결혼개방성인식이 성적 외도실행에 미치는 영향에 유의미한 부분매개효과가 있는 것이 입증되었다. 성역할고정관념이 혼외관계 수용성에 유의한 직접효과가 발견되었다. 따라서 성역할 고정관념이 성적외도 실행의도에 미치는 영향에 있어서 성별에 의한 유의한 조절효과가 있음이 확인되었다. 성적 외도실행의도 및 관련요인에 대한 성별차이를 실증적으로 입증하면서, 함의를 논의하였다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 1998

The purposes of this study are to identify sex-role Identity and stereotypes in students-specifically, to compare men with women, and high school students with college students The subjects consisted of 283 college students and 392 high school students in Seoul A Bem's Sex-Role Inventory translated by Hur, Sookja for sex-role identity stereotype scales and modified by Kim, Dongil was used The major findings were as follows 1 Androgyny type was the most prevalent of all four types (35 3%) in college male students, but undifferentiated type was the most common (36 8%) for college female students 2 The sex-role identity distribution of high school male and female students was undifferentiated, androgyny, feminity, and masculinity in that order 3 There was a significant difference between male and female students in the perception sex stereotypes Women were inclined to oppose traditional sex-roles rather than men 4 There were significant differences between high school and college students in the perception of domestic sex-roles, appearance and occupational characteristics, as well as the psychosocial traits of sex stereotypes The college students tended to resist traditional sex-roles rather than high school students 5 There were no significant differences between sex-role types and sex stereotypes In conclusion, women have difficulty in developing a sex-role identity owing to the contradiction between a woman's desirable sex-role and her feminity sex-role identity.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate(Ⅰ) the effect of a masculine-feminine image in women's suit on the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations, and (2) the effect of perceiver's sex, sex-role attitudes, and occupation on the perception formed by the function of clothing cues. The research design of the study consisted of 2(pink and navy blue colors) × 4(masculine and feminine forms) factorial design of a suit. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stiuli and 2 response scales. The stimuli consisted of 8 drawings of woman's clothing made by systematic manipulations of 2 independent variables(color and form) in drawings of suit. The dependent variables were the perceptions of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the masculine or feminine clothing for certain occupations. Occupational characteristics were measured with a 7-point semantic differential scale composed of 21 bipolar adjectives. Perception of ccupational suitability was assessed with 12 items of 5-point Likert type questions. In addition, the Bem Sex-role Inventory was used to assess perceiver's sex-role attitudes. The subjects consisted of 393 men and 389 women, whose occupations were classified as professionals, secondary school teachers, and white-collar workers. They were randomly assigned to one of 8 suit. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, MANOVA, ANOVA, Mean and S.D. Three factors emerged to account for the perception of occupational characteristics. These factors were given the titles of (1) activity, (2) potency, and (3) evaluation factors. The activity factor was the largest, including 9 adjectives. Differences in the form of the suit had effects on potency and evaluation for both sexes, while it also had some effect on activity for women. The color of the suit had some effect on evaluation for both sexes. Strong effects of color and form on the suit were seen in perception of occupational suitability for the occupations of attorney(masculine) and secretary(feminine). On suitability for secondary school teaching occupation, the effects of color and form of suit differed by sex of the subjects. Perceiver's sex-role attitudes and occupation paritally influenced the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations. In summary, a masculine-feminine image of clothing had a significant effect on the perception of occupational characteristics as well as on suitability of the clothing for certain occupations. Thus, the results of the study support the implicit personality theory on person perception and also the stereotypes of sex-roles on the perception of occupational suitability.

• 아동학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.187-203
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• 1994

This study investigated the relation of androgynous parent's child-rearing practices to children's self-perceived competence by comparison of the effectiveness of androgynous people as parents compared with parents who are other-typed in their sex-role identity. The subjects were 362 third and sixth grade children and their parents selected from two elementary schools in Seoul. The instruments were a children's self-perceived competence scale, a perception of maternal warmth and control scale, a perception of paternal warmth and control scale, parent's self-esteem scale, and parent's sex-role identity scale. Frequencies, percentiles, mean, ${\chi}^2$ test, two way-ANOVA, one way-ANOVA, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and $Scheff{\acute{e}}$-test were used for data-analysis. The major findings showed that (1) Androgynous and masculine fathers had higher self-esteem than feminine or undifferentiated fathers. Androgynous, masculine, and feminine mothers had higher self-esteem than undifferentiated mothers. (2) There was no difference in children's perception of parental warmth and control as related to parent's sex-role identity. Androgynyous parents were not more likely to be authoritative parents. (3) Sons of androgynous parents had higher self-perceived competence than those of sex-typed parents, while daughters of sex-typed parents had higher self-perceived competence than those of androgynous parents.

• 아동학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.73-84
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• 1985

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between mothers' bsex-role attitudes and child-rearing values of independence granting and pressure for achievement, and also to examine variations in mothers' attitudes by sex of child. The subjects of this study were 260 mothers of preschool girls and boys. They were middle and high SES class and highly educated. The 20 item version of the Feminism Scale (FEM Scale) was used to measure mothers 'attitudes toward women's sex-role ideology. The Korean Sex-Trait Stereotype Measure was used to measure the mothers' sex-perception of masculinity and feminity. The 5-item translated Barnett Independence Granting Scale was used to measure independence granting. The 7-item version of the Barnett Pressure for Achievement Scale was used to measure mothers' pressure on their children for achievement. Data analysis consisted of Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and t-test. The results were: 1. Mothers' nontraditional sex-role ideology was significantly related to lower mean age of independence granting and to pressure for achievement. 2. Two self-perception scores (self-masculine and self-feminine) were not related to mean age of independence granting but were significant1y related to pressure for achievement. 3. The mean age of independence granting was lower for sons than for daughters. 4. Mothers put more pressure for achievement on sons than on daughters.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.21-34
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the effect of a masculine-feminine image in women's blouse·skirt on the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations, and (2) the effect of perceiver's sex, sex-role attitudes, and occupation on the perception formed by the function of clothing cues. The research design of the study consisted of 2(skirt color) × 2(blose color) × 3(masculine-feminine blouse forms) factorial desing of a blouse·skirt set. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimuli and 2 response scales. The stimuli consisted of 12 drawings of woman's clothing made by systematic manipulations of 2 independent variabels (color and form) in drawings of blouse-skirt. The dependent variables were the perceptions of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the masculine or feminine clothing for certain occupations. Occupational characteristics were measured with a 7-point semantic differential scale composed of 21 bipolar adjectives. Perception of occupational suitability was assessed with 12 items of 5-point Likert type questions. In addition, the Bem Sex-role Inventory was used to assess perceiver's sex-role attitudes. The subjects consisted of 393 men and 389 women, whose occupations were classified as professionals, secondary school teachers, and white-collar workers. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, MANOVA, ANOVA, Mean and S.D. Three factors emerged to account for the perception of occupational characteristics. These factors were given the titles of (1) activity, (2) potency, and (3) evaluation factors. The activity factor was the largest, including 9 adjectives and accounting for 33.3% of the variance in blouse-skirt. On the blouse-skirt set, the form of the blouse had an effect on activity and evaluation for both sexes, while the color of the skirt had an effect on evaluation for both sexes as well as on potency for men. Strong effect of color and form on blouse·skirt were seen in perception of occupational suitability for the occupations of attorney(masculine) and secretary(feminine). On suitability for secondary school teaching occupations, the effects of color and form of blouse·skirt differed by sex of the subjects. Male subjects determined suitability by the color of the blouse, while female subjects determinied suitability on the basis of the form of the blouse. Perceiver's sex-role attitude and occupation partially influenced the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.501-512
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to compare the attitudes of female students in Korea toward science with the child-rearing attitude of their parents they perceived and their sex-role identity. The participants in this study were 374 female middle- and high-school students, chosen randomly from Seoul and Gyenggi-do in South Korea. We used three different forms of questionnaires in this research: "Scale of Parents' Child-rearing Behaviors Perceived by Teenagers", "Korea Sex-role Survey", and "Attitude Toward Science Measurement." The significant results were acquired after we had analyzed the comparison of the attitude of female students toward science with their perception on their parents' child-rearing attitude, especially on their fathers. The fathers' "monitoring" and "over-expectation" factors affected the attitudes of female students toward science; on the other hand, any child-rearing attitudes of their mothers did not influence their attitudes toward science. We also analyzed the attitudes of female students about science based on their sex-role identities. In consequence, we found that meaningful differences existed in four types of gender-role identity: androgyny type, masculinity type, femininity type and undifferentiated type. In particular, the androgyny type was characterized by a higher score in attitude toward science compared with the undifferentiated type.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.157-173
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• 1992

The purposes of study were to investigate the prenatal psychological adaptation and the perception of birth experience, and to identify the relationship between them. The subjects consisted of 162 women who visited the obstetrical outpatient clinic for prenatal examinations and who delivered the in babies at SNUH during the period from June 20 to August 10, 1990. The tools used for measurement were Lederman's Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire and Marut & Mercer's scale of the Perception of Birth. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The orders and item means of psychosocial adaptation in pregnancy were the Acceptance of pregnancy(1.58). Identification of motherhood role(1.63). Relationship with husband(1.65) and Relationship with mother(1.67). The preparation for labor, concern for wellbeing of self and baby, and fear of pain, helplessness and loss of control were found to be less adaptive. 2. The level of the perception of the birth experience was mid-range(item mean : 3.22). The score of the perception of birth experience for primiparas was higher than for multiparas. However there was not a significant difference the groups. There were significant differences in the perception of the birth experience between certain general characteristics, namely, sex of the baby(p＜0.05), type of delivery(p＜0.005), and type of anesthesia(p＜0.005). 3. There were significant differences in the perception of the birth experience between the groups below the mean and above the mean of concerti for wellbeing of self and baby, Fear of pain, Helplessness and loss of control, Relationship with husband and Identification of motherhood role (p＜0.05). The perception of the birth experience was predicted by Fear of pain, Helplessness and loss of control (11%), Type of Delivery(6%), Concern for wellbeing of self and baby(3%), Preparation for labor(1%), sex of baby(1%), Relationship with mother(1%), Parity(1%) and Identification of motherhood role(1%). The Childbirth education should be revised to improve the psychosocial adaptation in pregnancy.