• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1181-1184
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• 2017

This study examined the effects of chemical blends (a combination of alum and aluminum chloride) on pH, N, and pathogens in duck litter during a six-week experiment. In total, 240 Pekin ducks (160 males and 80 females) were individually distributed into 16 pens, in a randomized experimental design consisting of four treatments and four replicate pens per treatment. Our treatments included a control, T1 (75 g alum + 75 g aluminum chloride/kg duck litter), T2 (100 g alum + 100 g aluminum chloride/kg duck litter), and T3 (150 g alum + 150 g aluminum chloride/kg duck litter). There was no difference among treatments in pH and Total N (TN) at weeks 2, 4, and 6 and weeks 1, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. However, there were significant differences in both pH and TN among treatments at weeks 1, 3, and 5 and weeks 2 and 3, respectively. Regarding pathogens, we found small differences in all treatments in Escherichia coli populations from weeks 1 to 5 and in Salmonella enterica populations from weeks 1 to 3. In conclusion, the addition of chemical blends to duck litter increased TN, which resulted in a lower litter pH, but did not significantly affect pathogen populations.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2009

Purpose: This study shows the prehospital emergency nursing practices, and analyzes them associated with their individual characteristics and job conditions. Method: Based on a survey of the National Emergency Medical Center in Korea(2008), principal components were extracted from 7 prehospital emergency nursing practices by factor analysis, and some regression analyses of principal components(CPR-AED and V/S-I.V.) were executed on individual characteristics and job conditions. Results: The PENs gave themselves higher order ratings for vital sign check, airway management for loss of consciousness patients, CPR for suspicious cardiac arrest, keeping vein open for shock patients, AED for abnormal pulse rate, AED for suspicious cardiac arrest, and AED for loss of consciousness. Age and duty periods were statistically significant influential factors on the CPR-AED component. Conclusion: The results indicate that the PENs were competent in overall prehospital emergency activities and procedures even some weak self-evaluations, and that the standard curriculum and practice standard for prehospital nursing should be developed in order to increase nursing leadership in prehospital emergency settings.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to increased breeding area in same size pig pen and growth performance of weaning pigs. A total of 330 crossbred ($6.68{\pm}0.36kg$) weaning pigs were subjected to a 42-day feeding trial(3 pens/treatment) in which effects of the semi-floor were compared : NC; Negative control ($0.23m^2/pig$; 40 pigs/pen), PC; Positive control($0.30m^2/pig$; 30 pigs/pen) and Semi-floor($0.30m^2/pig$; 40 pigs/pen). There was a significant effect on BW at 6 week along all treatment(P<0.01). There was a effect of Semi-floor treatment on ADG(average daily gain) only during the first 3 week after weaning(P<0.01). No significant effect was observed in the ADFI during the experiment period. NC treatment had significantly lower BUN value than other treatments(P<0.05). The results from immune and stress response with semi-floor suggest that no negative effects in their blood analysis. Consequently, semi floor treatments increased additional breeding area and also growth performance rather than other treatments in weaning pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1718-1728
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the in vitro ability of keratinase to hydrolyze soybean glycinin and ${\beta}$-conglycinin and to evaluate the in vivo effects of keratinase when included in corn-soybean diets with different levels of crude protein and fed to nursery pigs. In experiment 1, a saturated keratinase solution (1 ml) was added to two blank controls of either glycinin or ${\beta}$-conglycinin resulting in the hydrolysis of 94.74% glycinin and 88.89% ${\beta}$-conglycinin. In experiment 2, 190 pigs (8.3${\pm}$0.63 kg BW) were allotted to one of four treatments in a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement on the basis of body weight, and sex was balanced among the pens. The effects of crude protein (19 vs. 22%) and keratinase (0 vs. 0.05%) were studied. Each treatment was applied to six pens with seven (two pens) or eight pigs per pen. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 21 d. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved (p<0.05) with keratinase supplementation while feed intake was reduced (p<0.05). Keratinase supplementation increased (p<0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein and phosphorus. Keratinase supplementation also increased n-butyric acid in the cecum and colon, lactobacilli and total anaerobe counts in the colon as well as the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the ileum. Additionally, fecal score, ammonia nitrogen and branch chain volatile fatty acids in the colon, E. coli and total aerobe counts in the colon, crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum as well as serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations were also decreased (p<0.05) by keratinase supplementation. A reduction in dietary crude protein decreased (p<0.05) colon ammonia nitrogen concentration and cecal propionic acid and branch chain volatile fatty acid concentrations. In addition, cecal E. coli counts, colon total anaerobe counts, ileal crypt depth, and serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations were also decreased (p<0.05) with the reduction of dietary crude protein. With the exception of fecal scores, there were no significant interactions between crude protein and keratinase. This study provides evidence that dietary keratinase supplementation improved nursery pig performance by improving intestinal morphology and ecology, thus improving nutrient digestibility and alleviating the inflammatory response.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.1034-1041
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of shade allocation and shade plus fan on growth performance, dietary energy utilization and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle under tropical ambient conditions Methods: Two trials were conducted, involving a total of 1,560 young bulls (289±22 kg BW) assigned to 24 pens (65 bulls/pen and 6 pens/treatment). Pens were 585 ㎡ with 15 m fence line feed bunks. Shade treatments (㎡ shade/animal) were: i) limited shade (LS) to 1.2 ㎡ shade/animal (LS_1.2); ii) limited shade to 2.4 ㎡ shade/animal (LS_2.4); iii) total shade (TS) which correspond to 9 ㎡/animal, and iv) total shade equipped with fans (TS+F). Trials lasted 158 and 183 days. In both studies, the average weekly maximum temperature exceeded 34℃. Results: Increasing shade allocation tended (p = 0.08) to linearly increases average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter intake (DMI, quadratic effect, p = 0.03). This effect was most apparent between LS_1.2 and LS_2.4. Shade allocation, per se, did not affect gain efficiency or estimated dietary net energy (NE). Compared with TS, TS+F increased (p<0.05) ADG, gain efficiency, and tended (p = 0.06) to increase dietary NE. There was a quadratic effect of shade on longissimus area and marbling score, with values being lower (p<0.01) for LS_2.4 than for LS_1.2 or TS. Likewise, marbling score was lower for TS+F than for TS. Percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart (KPH) linearly decreased with increasing shade. In contrast, KPH was greater for TS than for TS+F. Conclusion: Providing more than 2.4 ㎡ shade/animal will not further enhance feedlot performance. The use of fans in combination with shade increases ADG and gain efficiency beyond that of shade, alone. These enhancements were not associated with increased DMI, but rather, to an amelioration of ambient temperature humidity index on maintenance energy requirement.

• 분석과학
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2020

마킹펜류는 어린이제품법의 안전확인으로 관리되는 학용품 품목으로서, 폼알데하이드 함유량에 대한 안전기준은 20 mg/kg이다. 시중에 유통되는 마킹펜 9 종을 현행 시험법인 백포 필기 후 증류수 추출액을 UV/Vis 흡광광도계로 분석(이하 Nash-UV/Vis 방법)한 결과 폼알데하이드가 검출되지 않았고 수성 잉크와 같이 항시 추출액이 유색을 띠는 경우 거짓 양성 결과를 보였다. 반면, 잉크를 직접 초음파를 이용하여 용해한 증류수 액을 DNPH 유도체화 한 후 HPLC/DAD로 분석(이하 DNPH-HPLC/DAD 방법)한 결과, 최소 3.2 mg/kg ~ 최고 93.2 mg/kg이었고, 3 종 제품이 안전기준 20 mg/kg을 초과하였다. 따라서, 추출과정이 빠르고 용이하도록 잉크를 직접 증류수에 용해한 후 DNPH-HPLC/DAD 분석 방법으로 잉크 내 폼알데하이드 안전기준 20 mg/kg 이하 여부를 판단할 수 있도록 제안하고자 하며, 이 방법은 Nash-UV/Vis 방법의 검출한계 및 색상 물질 추출 시의 거짓 양성 결과의 한계를 극복할 수 있다. 형광펜, 보드마카, 물백묵, 페인트마카의 잉크 매트릭스를 사용하여 20 mg/kg 및 40 mg/kg의 범위에서 스파이킹 방법으로 산출한 DNPH-HPLC/DAD 분석방법의 정확도 및 정밀도는 각각 90.1 ~ 105.4 % 및 0.6 ~ 3.3 %이다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.704-712
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• 2010

Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) 는 돼지에서 여러 형태의 질병과 증후군의 발생과 관련이 되어있어 현재는 PCV-associated diseases (PCVAD)로 총괄적으로 분류된다. PCVAD에 의한 높은 경제적 손실 때문에 많은 양돈장들이 PCV2의 감염을 확인하기 위하여 혈청을 검사하고 있다. 하지만, 기존의 혈액채취법은 비용이 높고 많은 인력이 소요되므로 큰 규모의 병원체 검사에는 어려움이 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 혈액채취법을 이용한 돈군의 PCV2 검사법에 대한 대체방법으로 돈방 단위의 구강액채취법의 유용성을 실제 농장에서 평가하였다. 세 곳의 다른 양돈 농장들에서 각각 6개의 25두 규모의 돈방들을 선정하여 생후 3, 5, 8, 12, 16주에 돈방 마다 하나의 구강액과 5개의 혈청을 채취하였다. 모든 시료들은 real-time PCR을 이용하여 PCV2 DNA를 검사하였고 IgG 또는 IgA 간접형광항체 검사법및 세 가지의 ELISA 검사법 (blocking ELISA, indirect ELISA, and IgG/IgM sandwich ELISA)을 이용하여 PCV2에 대한 항체를 검사하였다. 구강액에서 PCV2 DNA는 8주까지는 간헐적으로 검출이 되다가 16주에는 모든 돈방에서 검출이 되었으며, 모체유래 PCV2 특이 IgG는 3주부터 검출이 되었고 모든 농장에서 5-8주까지 지속이 되었다. 16주에는 한 농장 (Site 1)의 모든 돈방에서 감염에 의한 IgG와 IgA가 검출되었다. 혈청에서의 PCV2 DNA와 PCV2 항체의 검출은 구강액에서의 검출과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 구강액은 돈군의 PCV2 감염을 모니터링 하기 위해 혈청대신 사용할 수 있는 저비용, 고효율의 시료가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.208-217
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• 2018

Objective: Examine the effects of supplementing bahiagrass hay (BG) with potentially anthelmintic quantities of hays of perennial peanut (PEA) or sericea lespedeza (LES) or seeds of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.; MUC) or papaya (PAP) on the intake and nutritive value (Experiment 1), and the performance and parasite burden (Experiment 2) of goats. Methods: In Experiment 1, 38 male goats ($27.4{\pm}5.7kg$ body weight) were randomly assigned to each of 5 treatments: i) BG alone and BG plus; ii) PEA; iii) LES; iv) MUC; and v) PAP. Goats were fed for ad libitum consumption and adapted to the diets for 14 d followed by 7 d of measurement. The PEA, LES, MUC (50%, 50%, and 10% of the diet dry matter [DM], respectively), and PAP (forced-fed at 10 g/d) were fed at rates that would elicit anthelmintic effects. In Experiment 2, goats remained in the same treatments but were allocated to 15 pens (3 pens per treatment) from d 22 to 63. All goats were infected with parasites by grazing an infected bahiagrass pasture from 0800 to 1500 h daily and then returned to the pens. Results: Dry matter intake tended to be greater in goats fed PEA and LES than those fed BG (757 and 745 vs 612 g/d, respectively). Digestibility of DM (59.5% vs 54.9%) and organic matter (60.8% vs 56.0%) were greater in goats fed MUC vs BG, respectively. In Experiment 2, feeding PAP, LES, and PEA to goats reduced nematode fecal egg counts by 72%, 52%, and 32%, reduced abomasal adult worm counts by 78%, 52%, and 42%, and decreased plasma haptoglobin concentrations by 42%, 40%, and 45% relative to feeding BG alone, respectively. Conclusion: Supplementation with PEA, LES, and PAP decreased the parasite burden of goats but did not increase their performance. PAP was the most effective anthelmintic supplement.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2012

1. 돈사의 유형별 시간대에 따른 공기품질의 변화패턴을 알아본 결과 돈사 실내의 온 습도, 먼지농도, 실내기체의 조성 등이 주간과 야간의 편차가 크게 나타났으며, 대부분의 돈사는 주간시간대인 12:00경의 실내 환경조건이 가장 양호하였고 00:00~06:00 사이의 공기조성이 가장 불량한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 돈사의 유형별 공기품질이 양호한 곳은 임신돈사와 분만돈사였으며, 불량한 돈사는 육성돈사와 비육돈사 이었다. 공기의 품질이 양호하였던 임신돈사의 경우, 슬러리 형태로서 분과 뇨의 분리가 잘 이루어진 결과였으며, 분만돈사의 경우는 돈사당 사육두수에 비하여 포유자돈의 배설량이 적었기 때문이었다. 반면, 공기품질이 불량한 육성돈사 및 비육돈사는 분뇨배설량이 많을 뿐 아니라 분뇨의 적체시간이 긴 구조적 특성이 작용한 결과였다. 또한 분만돈사의 경우, 심야시간대인 00:00 부터 06:00 사이에 일산화탄소와 이산화탄소의 함량이 크게 증가하는 현상을 보였는데 이것은 이 시간대의 공기품질이 자돈폐사율의 증가요인이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 3. 그러므로 돈사의 환경을 개선하려면, 실내 악취발생을 최소화할 수 있는 시설구조, 적합한 사육밀도의 조절 및 자동감지 환기 시설 등이 매우 중요한 요소라고 하겠다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.974-980
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• 2014

In semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, dehydration can compromise the performance and welfare of local chickens, particularly during the growing period when confinement is curtailed and birds are left to scavenge for feed and water. The effect of water restriction on the growth performance was compared in Naked Neck (NNK) and Ovambo (OVB) chickens that are predominant in Southern Africa. A total of 54 eight-wk-old pullets each of NNK and OVB chickens with an initial average weight of $641{\pm}10g/bird$ were randomly assigned to three water intake treatments, each having six birds for 8 wk. The water restriction treatments were ad libitum, 70% of ad libitum and 40% of ad libitum intake. Nine experimental pens with a floor space of $3.3m^2$ per strain were used. The pens were housed in an open-sided house with cement floor deep littered with a 20 cm layer of untreated wood shavings. Feed was provided ad libitum. Average daily water intake (ADWI), BW at 16 weeks of age (FBW), ADG, ADFI, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and water to feed ratios (WFR) were determined. Ovambo chickens had superior (p<0.05) FBW, ADG and ADWI than NNK chickens. Body weight of birds at 16 weeks of age, ADG, ADFI, ADWI, and WFR declined progressively (p<0.05) with increasing severity of water restriction while FCR values increased (p<0.05) as the severity of water restriction increased. Naked Neck chickens had better FCR at the 40% of ad libitum water intake level than Ovambo chickens. The dressing percentage per bird was higher in water restricted birds than those on ad libitum water consumption, irrespective of strain. Heart weight was significantly lower in birds on 40% of ad libitum water intake than those on ad libitum and 70% of ad libitum water intake, respectively. In conclusion, NNK chickens performed better than OVB chickens under conditions of water restriction and would be ideal to raise for meat and egg production in locations where water shortages are a major challenge.