• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.360-366
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• 2002

Central composite experimental design was employed to determine the optimal concentration of medium constituents for griseofulvin production by Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898 and Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004. The optimal concentration of sucrose, $K_2HPO_4,\;NaNO_3,\;and\;FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ were found to be 48.08 g/1, 1.228 g/1 , 2.7 g/1, and 0.011 g/1, respectively, for Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898, and for Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004, 23.52 g/1, 43.67 g/1, and 0.0434 g/1 of glucose, lactose, and $MnSO_4{\cdot}H_2O$, respectively. The yield of griseofulvin under optimal composition of medium constituents increased by 1.26 and 1.38 times than prior to optimization, for Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898 and Penicillium griseofulvutn MTCC 2004, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.355-359
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• 2002

The Plackett-Burman experimental design was employed to evaluate the relative importance of medium constituents of each medium for enhanced griseofulvin production by Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898 and Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004. It was found that the medium constituents, sucrose, $K_2HPO_4,\;NaNO_3,\;and\;FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, significantly influenced the griseofulvin production by Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898. In the case of Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004, lactose, glucose, and $MnSO_4{\cdot}H_2O$ significantly influenced the griseofulvin production.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.23-27
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• 1995

To extend the shelf lives of rice and corn products, the effects of the polyphosphates[$Na(PO_3)n$, n=11] on the growth of Penicillium griseofulvum and patulin production were investigated. The growth was completely inhibited in the potatoes dextrose agar medium treated with 2% polyphosphate. Moisture content had a considerable influence on the production of patulin. At 30% moisture content, the amounts of patulin produced in rice and corn were $61.40 \mu g/ml$ and $40.74 \mu g/ml$, respectively, but the level of the toxin was significantly decreased to 93~95% by addition of 1% polyphosphates. No patulin was detected in both rice and corn medium added 2% polyphosphate when the incubation time prolonged. The result of scanning electron microscopy was supposed that the biocidal action of polyphosphate on fungi was related to the collapse of cell wall structure.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1663-1665
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• 2008

Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) catalyzes cholesterol esterification and plays an important role in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, hepatic production of lipoproteins, and accumulation of cholesteryl ester within cells. During the course of screening to find ACAT inhibitors from microbial sources, the present authors isolated pyripyropene A from Penicillium griseofulvum F1959. Pyripyropene A, an ACAT2-specific inhibitor, has already been produced from Aspergillus fumigatus. Yet, Aspergillus fumigatus is a pathogen and only produces a limited amount of pyripyropene A, making the isolation of pyripyropene A troublesome. In contrast, Penicillium griseofulvum F1959 was found to produce approximately 28 times more pyripyropene A than Aspergillus fumigatus, plus this report also describes the ideal conditions for the production of pyripyropene A by Penicillium griseofulvum F1959 and its subsequent purification.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2007

The patulin producing capicity of Penicillium crustosum, an isolate from Korean apple, in various broth culture media, was investigated, and compared with patulin production by the standard strain P. griseofulvum(ATCC 46037). The maximal patulin production capacity of the P. griseofulvum ATCC 46037 was 2,029-2,829 ppm in 5-GYEP, SY and MEB broth media. The patulin-producing capacity of the isolated fungus(P. crustosum) attained 2,794 ppm in a 5-GYEP broth medium, but was only 324 and 11 ppm in SY and MEB media, respectively. There were no significant correlations between mycelial growth levels and patulin-producing ability in either P. crustosum or P. griseofulvum. The patulin production of P. griseofulvum was induced in the wide pH range of pH 3.0-11.0, while that of P. crustosum was induced in the acidic pH range pH 3.0-5.0. Patulin production levels were dependent on the carbon sources in the media and maximal patulin production by P. griseofulvum and P. crustosum was observed in media containing glycerol and fructose, respectively.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.723-727
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• 2008

The effect of gamma irradiation on the prevention of breeding a patulin-producing mold and reducing patulin content was evaluated in an apple model system. Penicillium griseofulvum, a patulin-producing standard mold strain was artificially inoculated into apples and a gamma irradiation was performed. The $D_{10}$-values of the conidia of P. griseofulvum in an aqueous suspension and the apple model system were calculated at 0.28 and 0.48 kGy, respectively. The viable cell counts of the inoculated conidia in the apples showed 2 decimal point reductions at a dose of 1 kGy. Breeding and growth of the survived conidia was prevented during 10 weeks of post-irradiation storage period, especially at $4^{\circ}C$. The concentration of patulin in the non-irradiated apples was gradually increased and reached about 950 ppm at $25^{\circ}C$ and 410 ppm at $4^{\circ}C$, but the production of patulin was not observed during storage after 1 kGy of gamma irradiation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 1992

Soil fungi were collected from Korean soils, from July 1990 to August 1991. Thirty three species were identified, among which nine species were newly confirmed to Korea and registered here with descriptions. These fungi were Penicillium aurantio-candidum, P. echinulatum, P. griseofulvum, P. puberulum, P. rubrum, P. rugulosum, P. spinulosum, P. variabile, and P. viridicatum.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.700-704
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• 1998

A total of 26 and 55 isolates of fungi were isolated from corn and wheat samples collected from different markets in Korea, respectively. The number of Penicillium isolates from corn and wheat was 9 and 33, respectively. The Penicillium species isolated from corn were P. chrysogenum (3 isolates) and P. oxalicum (6 isolates), and from wheat were P. aurantiogriseum (16 isolates), P. citrinum (1 isolate), P. commun (4 isolates), P. griseofulvum (1 isolate), P. verrucosum (7 isolates), and P. viridicatum (4 isolates). Production of major mycotoxins in the yeast extract sucrose medium cultures of Penicillium isolates was analysed. Penicillium cultures were extracted with chloroform and purified by thin-layer chromatograhy (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among 9 isolates of Penicillium from corn, 2 isolates of P. chrysogenum produced patulin, 1 isolate of the fungus produced patulin and citrinin, 2 isolates of P. oxalicum produced penicillic acid, 4 isolates produced pencillic acid and griseofulvin. Of the 33 isolates of Penicillium from wheat, 6 isolates of P. aurantiogriseum produced patulin, 8 isolates produced penicillic acid, 1 isolate produced patulin and penicillic acid, 1 isolate of P. citrinum produced citrinin and patulin, 2 isolates of P. commun produced brefeldin A and patulin, 1 isolate of P. griseofulvum produced brefeldin A, griseofulvin and patulin. Five isolates of P. verrucosum produced patulin, 1 isolate of the fungus produced penicillic acid, and 3 isolates of P. viridicatium produced penicillic acid.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1785-1788
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• 2008

Phenylpyropenes A, B, and C, isolated from Penicillium griseofulvum F1959, inhibited DGAT in rat liver microsomes with $IC_{50}$ values of $78.7{\pm}1.6$, $21.7{\pm}0.2$, and $11.04{\pm}0.2{\mu}M$, respectively. In addition, a kinetic analysis using a Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that phenylpyropene C was a noncompetitive inhibitor of DGAT. The apparent Michaelis constant ($K_m$) value and inhibition constant ($K_i$) value were calculated to be $8{\mu}M$ and $10.48{\mu}M$, respectively. Moreover, phenylpyropene C inhibited triglyceride formation in HepG2 cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.206-211
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mixed culture with mycotoxigenic and non-mycotoxigenic fungi on mycotoxin production. For this work, Aspegillus flavus (aflatoxin producing strain), Aspegillus niger (non-mycotoxigenic strain) and Penicillium griseofulvum (patulin producing strain)were cultured in 5 ml SLS medium for 15 days under single or mixed culture. Aflatoxin was determined by direct competitive ELISA, whereas, patulin was measured by HPLC. The mycelial growth, pH and total acidity were also observed by general methods. The mycelial growth was slightly decreased in the mixed culture, meanwhile total acidity was increased and pH was shown lower than that in single culture. Aspergillus flavus produced 145 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of aflatoxin for 12 days single culture, but in mixed culture, aflatoxin was decreased to 93%, and was shown as 10.16$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml level. Patulin production in mixed culture was also decreased to 69.3% and was shown only 23.72$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml level as compared with in single culture.