• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.93-134
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• 2013

This paper examines the formation and evolution of Chinese society in Penang over 155 years. Since it was ruled by the British in 1786, many immigrants gathered in Penang. Among them, much of the population was Chinese. It could be offered to clarify the historical process of the development of Chinese society in Penang by paying attention to the three items - opium, tin, and rubber. All the conflict and friction over these products were main causes of prosperity and decay for the Chinese society in Penang. In the early 19th century, the Chinese colossus could get their capital accumulation by taking advantage of 'opium farm'. They amassed their fortune through development of tin mines newly discovered in Perak during the late 19th century. It was the age of Chinese Colossuses deeply connected with Chinese secret societies. After the rubber plantations were developed by the Western capital in the early 20th century, the age of Chinese Colossuses was gradually fallen down. From this point of view one can be provided a new perspective on the history of Penang and the Chinese society of its own. The three scopes for history enable us to make a new interpretation about the issue of stratification within Chinese society in Penang. Especially this research focused on the economic characteristics of Chinese secret societies as 'social capital', and on the identity conflicts between traditional Strait Chinese(peranakan) elite and emerging sinkeh Chinese merchants. The identity problem between 'Laokeh' and 'Sinkeh' in the early 20th century was intentionally exaggerated by modern researchers. Their conflicts seems to be caused by different economic interests rather than identity. We need to consider again the rise and fall of Chinese society in Penang with flexible thinking.

• 중국학논총
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• no.72
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• pp.223-238
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• 2021

Most of the Chinese immigrants in the 19th century migrated to the eastern part of the Malay Peninsula via Penang. At that time, the British colonial government recruited Chinese immigrants to supply Chinese labor. The influence of the Chinese in Penang has been greatly increased due to the continuous influx of Chinese immigrants. Specifically, looking at Chinese immigration, from 1805 to 1815, a large number of Chinese labor migrants, from about 500 to 1,000, arrived from Macao to Penang, Malaysia, and they were all contract migrants. In the late 19th century, most of the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula were resettlement from Penang and Singapore. At that time, the Malay Peninsula desperately needed to clear the jungle for farm development, and thus a large-scale labor force was needed. Therefore, the Chinese labor force that was overflowing in Penang and Singapore was able to meet the demand for labor in the Malay Peninsula.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.310-313
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hazard of landslides at Penang, Malaysia, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and from field surveys. Topographical and geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. The factors chosen that influence landslide occurrence were: topographic slope, topographic aspect, topographic curvature and distance from drainage, all from the topographic database; lithology and distance from lineament, taken from the geologic database; land use from TM satellite images; and the vegetation index value from SPOT satellite images. Landslide hazardous area were analysed and mapped using the landslide-occurrence factors by logistic regression model. The results of the analysis were verified using the landslide location data and compared with probabilistic model. The validation results showed that the logistic regression model is better prediction accuracy than probabilistic model.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.129-131
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hazard of landslides at Penang, Malaysia, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys. The topographic and geologic data and satellite image were collected, processed and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. The used factors that influence landslide occurrence are topographic slope, topographic aspect topographic curv ature and distance from drainage from topographic database, geology and distance from lineament from the geologic database, land use from TM satellite image and vegetation index value from SPOT satellite image. Landslide hazardous area were analysed and mapped using the landslide-occurrence factors by probability - likelihood ratio - method. The results of the analysis were verified using the landslide location data. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the hazard map and the existing data on landslide location.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2243-2248
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• 2013

Background: To compare the dosimetric coverage of target volumes and organs at risk in the radical treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) between intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT). Materials and Methods: Data from 10 consecutive patients treated with IMRT from June-October 2011 in Penang General Hospital were collected retrospectively for analysis. For each patient, dose volume histograms were generated for both the IMRT and 3DCRT plans using a total dose of 70Gy. Comparison of the plans was accomplished by comparing the target volume coverage (5 measures) and sparing of organs at risk (17 organs) for each patient using both IMRT and 3DCRT. The means of each comparison target volume coverage measures and organs at risk measures were obtained and tested for statistical significance using the paired Student t-test. Results: All 5 measures for target volume coverage showed marked dosimetric superiority of IMRT over 3DCRT. V70 and V66.5 for PTV70 showed an absolute improvement of 39.3% and 24.1% respectively. V59.4 and V56.4 for PTV59.4 showed advantages of 18.4% and 16.4%. Moreover, the mean PTV70 dose revealed a 5.1 Gy higher dose with IMRT. Only 4 out of 17 organs at risk showed statistically significant difference in their means which were clinically meaningful between the IMRT and 3DCRT techniques. IMRT was superior in sparing the spinal cord (less 5.8Gy), V30 of right parotid (less 14.3%) and V30 of the left parotid (less 13.1%). The V55 of the left cochlea was lower with 3DCRT (less 44.3%). Conclusions: IMRT is superior to 3DCRT due to its dosimetric advantage in target volume coverage while delivering acceptable doses to organs at risk. A total dose of 70Gy with IMRT should be considered as a standard of care for radical treatment of NPC.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.51-89
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• 2017

Strategically situated between the East-West maritime crossroads, the peoples of Southeast Asia over the centuries witnessed the comings and goings of traders from territories from East Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Europe. There were also those from North America that crossed the Pacific for commercial profits in this region. Foreign traders undoubtedly in the course of their visits and sojourns had liaisons with local women, some engaged in marriages. Offspring of these interracial miscegenation possessed rather unique characteristics. As a community, they were identified with the Malay term, peranakan, from the root word, "anak" meaning "child," hence "offspring" or "descendent". Specific terms - Baba Nyonya, Tionghoa-Selat, Chitty, Jawi Pekan, Pashu, Kristang - referred to particular groups. Although socially they appeared 'neither here nor there', members of mixed parentage were able to carve an especial niche in the local environment throughout Southeast Asia, conspicuously in urban, port-cities where trade and commerce predominated. Following in the footsteps of their progenitor, the Peranakan acted as intermediaries, comprador between foreign and indigenous enterprises, profiting financially and socially from trade and commerce. Tapping on the author's personal experiences and first-hand observations, complementing with oral sources, and support from secondary materials, this present essay explores, discusses, and analyzes the eclectic sociocultural practices and traditions of the Baba Nyonya of George Town, Penang. Purposeful intention is to further enlighten our understanding, and in turn, our appreciation, of these ever increasingly diminishing communities and their cultures across Southeast Asia.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.306-309
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• 2004

The susceptibility of landslides and the effect of landslide-related factors at Penang in Malaysia using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing data have been evaluated. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and from field surveys. Topographical and geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. The factors chosen that influence landslide occurrence were: topographic slope, topographic aspect, topographic curvature and distance from drainage, all from the topographic database; lithology and distance from lineament, taken from the geologic database; land use from Landsat TM (Thermatic Mapper) satellite images; and the vegetation index value from SPOT HRV (High Resolution Visible) satellite images. Landslide hazardous areas were analysed and mapped using the landslide-occurrence factors employing the probability-frequency ratio method. To assess the effect of these factors, each factor was excluded from the analysis, and its effect verified using the landslide location data. As a result, land 'cover had relatively positive effects, and lithology had relatively negative effects on the landslide susceptibility maps in the study area. In addition, the landslide susceptibility maps using the all factors showed the relatively good results.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.17-26
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• 2017

Many workers today encounter the problem of overemployment which occurs when actual working hours exceed preferred or desired working hours. Overemployed workers desire to work fewer hours although this may entail a concomitant decline in earnings. This research is conducted to examine the likelihood of overemployment among employees in a particular state in Malaysia, that is, Penang. This study uses primary data that was collected in a survey encompassing a total of 525 employees in the state. A logit model is used to analyse the relationship between the likelihood of overemployment and various socio-demographic, household and work-related variables. The factors that are significantly related to overemployment are ethnicity, age, education, number of children in the household, occupation, hours of work and control over work schedule. Based on the findings of this paper, it is suggested that policies such as offering part-time jobs or job-sharing options to older workers, implementing family-friendly policies, adopting decent working time measures and strategies that give workers more control over their work schedule are some possible ways to deal with the issue of overemployment.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.274-278
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• 2014

Penicillium georgiense was isolated from sandy beach soil from Batu Ferringhi beach, Penang Island, Malaysia. The identification was based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions and ${\beta}$-tubulin sequences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. georgiense in Malaysia.

• Mycobiology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.256-259
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• 2013

Three isolates of Penicillium pimiteouiense were recovered from sandy beach soil samples in Penang Island, Peninsular Malaysia. All the isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions and ${\beta}$-tubulin gene. This is a first record of P. pimiteouiense in Malaysia.