• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of the urinary incontinence and it's relating factors in women. The target population is 327 community dwelling women in the age of 30-70 years old at 6 cities in Korea. The data were collected from August, 1996 to December. 1996 with interview using structured questionaire composing of items of general characteristics, obstetric characteristics, disease characteristics, situation of experiencing urinary incontinence, discomfort due to urinary incontinence, and depression. The data were analysed with $SPSS/PC^+$ program, T-test, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA test. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women is 37.7%(130/327). 2) The mean duration of experiencing the urinary incontinence was 75.9 months and the 60% of the respondents experienced a few frequency of urinary incontinence and the most common amount of urinary incontinence(91.5%) was somewhat small expressed as 'wetting their clothes'. 3) The common factors related to the urinary incontinence were coughing, sneezing, laughing aloudly, and the activities of need for hurry. 4) The most common situations of discomforts associated with urinary incontinence were having long journey, exercise, playing, and social meeting. 5) The incidence of urinary incontinence was significantly higher in woman who had more children, older age of last delivery, more vaginal delivaries, and less c-section. 6) The incidence of urinary incontinence was not affected with the disease characteristics of the respondents, however it was higher when the women had the physical problems of constipation, abdominal laparatomy and episode of urinary catheterization than who had not. 7) The most common symptom of urinary incontinence was the frequent urine(43.1%), and the next was the urgent urine(12.3), delayed urine(9.2%). 8) 90.7% of the epsodic urinary incontinence were not treated at al, however, they wanted to try the herb medicine(41.5%), Kegel exercise(27.7%), and biofeedback(10.0%). 9) The level of Depression in the group of urinary incontinence was higher than that of non incontinence group significantly. In conclusion, as urinary incontinence in women proved severe health problem, health care providers need to develop and provide nursing intervention of urinary incontinence such as pelvic muscle exercise with bio-feedback and psychological care.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3545-3549
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• 2016

Background: The incidence of bladder cancer is lower in Asian than in Western countries. However, the crude incidence and mortality of bladder cancer have recently increased in Japan because of the increased number of senior citizens. We have already reported risk factors for urothelial cancer in a large population-based cohort study in Japan (JACC study). However, we did not evaluate the cancer risk in the upper and lower urinary tract separately in our previous study. Materials and Methods: Here we evaluated the risk of cancer death in the upper and lower urinary tracts, separately, using the database of the JACC study. The analytic cohort included 46,395 males and 64,190 females aged 40 to 79 years old. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Results: Current smoking increased the risk of both upper and lower urinary tract cancer deaths. A history of kidney disease was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer death, even after controlling for age, sex and smoking status. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that current smoking increases the risk of both upper and lower urinary tract cancer deaths and indicated the possibility that a history of kidney disease may be a risk factor for bladder cancer death in the Japanese population.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 1995

Purpose : This is a retrospective analysis for pattern of failure, survival rate and prognostic factors of 114 patients with histologically proven invasive cancer of the uterine cervix treated with definitive irradiation. Materials and Methods : One hundred fourteen patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix were treated with a combination of intracavitary irradiation using Fletcher-Suit applicator and external beam irradiation by 6MV X-ray at the Ewha Womans University Hospital between March 1982 and Mar 1990. The median age was 53 years(range:30-77 years). FIGO stage distribution was 19 for IB, 23 for IIA, 42 for IIB, 12 for IIIA and 18 for IIIB. Summation dose of external beam and intracavitary irradiation to point A was 80-90 Gy(median:8580 cGy) in early stage(IB-IIA) and 85-100 Gy(median:8850 cGy) in advanced stage(IIB-IIIB). Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival rate and multivariate analysis for progrostic factors was performed using the Log likelihood for Weibull Results : The pelvic failure rates by stage were $10.5{\%}$ for IB. $8.7{\%}$ for IIA, $23.8{\%}$ for IIB, $50.0{\%}$ for IIIA and $38.9{\%}$ for IIIB. The rate of distant metastasis by stage were $0{\%}$ for IB, $8.7{\%}$ for IIA, $4.8{\%}$ for IIB. $0{\%}$ for IIIA and $11.1{\%}$ for IIIB. The time of failure was from 3 to 50 months and with median of 15 months after completion of radiation therapy. There was no significant coorelation between dose to point A($\leq$90 Gy vs >90 Gy) and pelvic tumor control(P>0.05). Incidence rates of grade 2 rectal and bladder complications were $3.5{\%}$(4/114) and $7{\%}$(8/114), respectively and 1 patient had sigmoid colon obstruction and 1 patient had severe cystitis. Overall 5-year survival rate was $70.5{\%}$ and disease-free survival rate was $53.6{\%}$. Overall 5-year survival rate by stage was $100{\%}$ for IB, $76.9{\%}$ for IIA, $77.6{\%}$ for IIB $87.5{\%}$ for IIIA and $69.1{\%}$ for IIIB. Five-rear disease-free survival rate by stage was $81.3{\%}$ for IB, $67.9{\%}$ for IIA, $46.8{\%}$ for IIB, $45.4{\%}$ for IIIA and $34.4{\%}$ for IIIB. The prognostic factors for disease-free survival rate by multivariate analysis was performance status(p= 0.0063) and response rate after completion of radiation therapy(p= 0.0026) but stage, age and radiation dose to point A were not siginificant. Conclusion : The result of radiation therapy for early stage of the uterine cervix cancer was relatively good but local control rate and survival rate in advanced stage were poor inspite of high dose irradiation to point A above 90 Gy. Prospective randomized studies are recommended to establish optimal tumor doses for various stages and volume of carcinoma of uterine cervix, And ajuvant chemotherapy or radiation-sensitizing agents must be considered to increase the pelvic control and survival rate in advanced cancer of uterine cervix.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.239-245
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to verify the accuracy of dose delivery according to the pitch and roll rotational setup error with 6D robotic couch in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for pelvic region in patients. Materials and Methods : Trilogy(Varian, USA) and 6D robotic couch(ProturaTM 1.4, CIVCO, USA) were used to measure and analyze the rotational setup error of 14 patients (157 setup cases) for pelvic region. The total 157 Images(CBCT 78, Radiography 79) were used to calculate the mean value and the incidence of pitch and roll rotational setup error with Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The measured data (3 mm, 3%) at the reference angle ($0^{\circ}$) without couch rotation of pitch and roll direction was compared to the others at different pitch and roll angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $2.5^{\circ}$) to verify the accuracy of dose delivery by using 2D array ionization chamber (I'mRT Matrixx, IBA Dosimetry, Germany) and MultiCube Phantom(IBA Dosimetry, Germany). Result from the data, gamma index was evaluated. Results : The mean values of pitch and roll rotational setup error were $0.9^{\circ}{\pm}0.7$, $0.5^{\circ}{\pm}0.6$. The maximum values of them were $2.8^{\circ}$, $2.0^{\circ}$. All of the minimum values were zero. The mean values of gamma pass rate at four different pitch angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $2.5^{\circ}$) were 97.75%, 96.65%, 94.38% and 90.91%. The mean values of gamma pass rate at four different roll angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $2.5^{\circ}$) were 93.68%, 93.05%, 87.77% and 84.96%. when the same angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$) of pitch and roll were applied simultaneously, The mean values of each angle were 94.90%, 92.37% and 87.88%, respectively. Conclusion : As a result of this study, it was able to recognize that the accuracy of dose delivered is lowered gradually as pitch and roll increases. In order to increase the accuracy of delivered dose, therefore, it is recommended to perform IGRT or correct patient's position in the pitch and roll direction, to improve the quality of treatment.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1999

Purpose : We reviewed the treatment results for the patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma. The object was to evaluate the treatment outcome and to identify the prognostic factors influencing the survival. Methods and Materials: Twenty-eight patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma treated principally with external-beam radiation therapy between 1982 to 1996 in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Paik and Hanyang Hospital were reviewed retrospectively Of these, 17 patients had initially abdominoperineal resection, 9 had low anterior resection, and 2 had local excision. No patients had received adjuvant radiation therapy for the primary disease. There were 14 men and 14 women whose ages ranged from 31 to 72 years (median age:54.5). Median time from initial surgery to the start of radiation therapy for local recurrence was 11 months (4~47 months). Radiation therapy was given with total doses ranging from 27 to 64.8 Gy (median=51.2 Gy). Results : The median survival was 16.7 months. The 2-year and 5-year survival rates were 20.1%, 4.1% respectively. Upon multivariate analysis, overall survival was positively correlated with duration of intervals from initial surgery to local recurrence (P=0.039). Relief of pelvic symptoms was achieved in 17 of 28 patients (60.7%). Pain and bleeding responded in 40% and 100% of patients, respectively Conclusions : Patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy have benefited symptomatically, and might have increased survivals with a small chance of cure. But, patient were rarely cured (median survival : 10 months, 5-year survival : less than 5%). Overall survival was positively correlated with long intervals from initial surgery to local recurrence. Future efforts should be directed to the use of effective therapy for patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma and adjuvant therapy for patients with rectal cancer to reduce the incidence of pelvic recurrence.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

Purpose : Neonatal hydronephrosis is diagnosed with an incidence of 4.5-7% of pregnancies. Recently, early detection of neonatal hydroneprosis with antenatal ultrasonography has be-come possible. But consensus about its management has not been reached, especially concerning surgical intervention. The purpose of this study is to analyze the natural course of neonatal hydronephrosis and to determine the guideline of surgical intervention and follow up study. Methods : Sixty nine hydronephrotic kidneys were confirmed from April 2001 to April 2005. All cases were rechecked by ultrasonography once at least and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months. We classified the patients into 4 groups according to the anterior posterior pelvic diameter(APPD) on perinatal ultrasonography. Ultrasonography to measure the APPD diameter and Society for Fetal Urology(SFU) grade, $^{99m}Tc-MAG3$ scan were done to a set protocol. Pyeloplasty was peformed according to the protocol. Results : Pyeloplasty was not needed in most cases where the APPD was below 10 mm and where the SFU grade were less than grade 3. Many cases with APPD 10 mm above or SFU grade III above had undergone pyeloplasty. We found a correlation between obstruction grade on MAG3 scan and whether surgery was performed or not. Conclusion : If APPD is above 10 mm, SFU grade is above grade 3 or urinary tract obstruction is suspected by MAG3 scan, pyeloplasty must be considered. In cases where APPD is below 10mm and SFU grade is less than grade 3, we can observe the natural course of neonatal hydronephrosis with consecutive follow-up. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2006;10:33-39)

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to report the results of pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) for fixed sagittal imbalance with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Besides, authors evaluated the effect of adjunctive multi-level posterior column osteotomy (PCO) on achievement of additional lumbar lordosis (LL) during PSO. Methods : A total of 31 consecutive patients undergoing PSO for fixed sagittal imbalance were enrolled and analyzed. Correction angle of osteotomized vertebra (PSO angle) and other radiographic parameters including pelvic incidence (PI), thoracic kyphosis, LL, and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were evaluated. Clinical outcomes and surgical complications were also assessed. Results : The mean age was 66.0±9.3 years with a mean follow-up period of 33.2±10.5 months. The mean number of fused segments was 9.6±3.5. The mean operative time and surgical bleeding were 475.9±160.5 minutes and 1406.1±932.1 mL, respectively. The preoperative SRS-22 score was 2.3±0.7 and improved to 3.2±0.8 at the final follow-up. The mean PI was 54.5±9.5°. LL was changed from 7.0±28.9° to -50.2±13.2°. The PSO angle was 33.7±13.5° (15.6±20.1° preoperatively, -16.1±19.4° postoperatively). The difference of correction angle of LL (57.3°) was greater about 23.6° than which of PSO angle (33.7°). SVA was improved from 189.5±93.0 mm, preoperatively to 12.4±40.8 mm, postoperatively. There occurred six, eight, and 14 cases of complications at intraoperative, early (<2 weeks) postoperative, and late (≥2 weeks) postoperative period, respectively. Additional operations were needed in nine patients due to the complications. Conclusion : PSO could provide satisfactory results for patients with fixed sagittal imbalance regarding clinical and radiographic outcomes. Additional correction of LL could be achieved with conduction of adjunctive multi-level PCOs during PSO.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2018

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a global health concern and can cause serious complications such as miscarriage, premature birth, and pelvic infection in pregnant women. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and information on the epidemiologic trends are critical. However, studies of STI trends in Cheonan, South Korea, have not been conducted since 2012. We examined the STI trends in the Cheonan area after 2012. From January 2011 to September 2017, 3,362 cervical swab specimens from female patients were sampled at the Dankook University Hospital and analyzed by multiplex PCR. Of the 3,362 specimens, 1,281 were positive for pathogens (38.92%). A total of 1,893 pathogens were detected. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Chlamydia trachomatis were the most frequent pathogens, accounting for 36.29% (687/1,893), 30.16% (571/1,893), and 19.97% (378/1,893) of the pathogen-positive samples, respectively. In the 2009-2012 analysis, M. hominis was identified as the predominant pathogen in STI samples, whereas U. urealyticum was identified as the major pathogen in this study. In many countries, including South Korea and the United States, the rate of STIs is increasing, while a decreasing trend was observed in Cheonan.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2010

Background and Objectives : Parathyroid adenoma is a rare disease in Korea, but the incidence of parathyroid adenoma has gradually increased due to generalized measurement of serum calcium and imaging study according to wide spread public health screening program. In previous researches, the analysis of clinical aspects were insufficient due to a few cases. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical analysis of surgically treated parathyroid adenoma with hyperparathyroidism. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of nineteen cases of parathyroid adenoma with hyperparathyroidism. Initial symptom to visit hospital, hypercalcemia associated medical symptom, surgical outcome and complication were investigated. Serum total calcium, parathyroid hormone, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase were checked before and after surgery. Imaging study was performed with combination of radionuclide parathyroid scan, ultrasonography and neck CT scan. Results : The initial symptoms were no symptom(6/19), pelvic pain(5/19), muscular weakness (3/19), bone pain(3/19) and palpable neck mass(2/19) in order of frequency. Serum total calcium, parathyroid hormone decreased and phosphate increased after surgery than before surgery statistically significantly. Sensitivities of parathyroid scan, neck ultrasonography and neck CT as preoperative localization test were 88.2%, 72.7%, 73.3% each. The most common postoperative complication was transient hypocalcemia(9/19). Conclusion : Similar to previous study, parathyroid adenomas have numerous clinical features and surgical treatment via unilateral approach with preoperatively localized single parathyroid adenoma was successful. In our study, parathyroid adenoma was predominantly detected by elevated serum calcium level with no clinical symptom so we need to evaluate parathyroid adenoma, if serum calcium elevated.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 1994

The aim of this study was to identify the usefulness of pelviscopy in treatment besides its diagnostic value. The advantages of pelviscopic surgery are low cost, rapid recovery, good cosmetic effect, low incidence of complication and postoperative adhesion. So most of the pelvic exploration in gynecologic patients are replaced by the pelviscopic surgery these days. Pelviscopic surgery was performed on 136 patients at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University from May 1991 to July 1993. The results obtained were as follows : The age distribution of the patients was from 19 to 55 with age of 31.2 years, and the mean parity was 0.96, the most common indication of pelviscopic surgery was tubal pregnancy(66.9%), the second most common indications was ovarian cyst(10.3%) and the other indications were endometriosis, corpus luteum cyst rupture, parovarian cyst, foreign body, tubal ligation, hydrosalpinx, uterine myoma and diagnostic procedure. The main types of surgery were salpingectomy in 58.8% and salpingoophorectomy in 16.3%. The mean duration of hospitalization was 2.1 days without specific complications. According to these results, it was postulated that the pelviscopic surgery was a useful operative tool in gynecologic treatment and its application could be extended to many other areas of gynecology with safety by the development of surgical techniques and instruments.