• Current Photovoltaic Research
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2019

As a demand of higher power photovoltaic modules, shingled, multi-busbar, half-cell, and bifacial techniques are developed. Multi-busbar module has advantage for large amount of light havesting. And, half-cell is high power module for reducing resistive losses and higher shade tolerance. Recently, researches on multi-busbar is focused on reliability according to adhesion and intermetallic compound between Sn-Pb solder and Ag electrode. And half-cell module is researched to comparing with full-sized cell module for structure difference. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting to efficiency and adhesion of multi-wires half-cell module according to wire thickness, solder thickness, and flux. The results of solar simulator and peel test was that peel strength and efficiency of soldered cell is not related. But samples with flux including high solid material showed high efficiency. The results of FE-SEM and EDX line scan on cross-section between wire and Ag electrode for different flux showed thickness of solder joint between wire and Ag electrode is increasing through solid material increasing. Flux including high solid material would affect to solder behavior on Ag electrode. Higher solid material occurred lower growth of IMC layer because solder permeate to sider of wire ribbon than Ag electrode. And it increased fill factor for high efficiency. In soldering process, amount of solid material in flux and solder thickness are the factor related with characteristic of soldered photovoltaic cell.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.352-357
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 3-butenoic acid와 폴리옥시에틸렌(20) 스테아릴 에테르를 사용하여 비닐기를 가진 반응성 유화제를 합성하였다. 합성 반응성 유화제는 FT-IR 및 $^1H-NMR$에 의해 확인되었다. 또한, 아크릴계 점착제의 제조에서 합성된 반응성 유화제와 통상적으로 사용되는 비이온성 유화제를 사용하여 각각의 점착제의 특성을 비교하였다. 고형분 함량은 56.8~57.4%의 범위에서 측정되었다. 초기 접착의 경우, 반응성 유화제로 제조된 S20BA는 $^{\sharp}13$으로 측정되었다. 제조된 접착제의 박리강도는 $0.66{\sim}1.05kg_f$의 범위에서 측정되었고 S20BA를 사용한 경우 가장 높은 박리 강도가 측정되었다. 내열성 시험 결과, S20BA의 내열성이 $840^{\circ}C$로 가장 높았다. 피부용 접착제에 대한 응용성을 평가하기 위하여 pH는 중성 7로 측정되었으며, 일차 피부 자극 시험의 결과로 비자극성으로 측정되었다.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제48권4호
• /
• pp.707-728
• /
• 2024

This study aimed to assess the colorizing properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) using plant-based dyes, namely spinach, beet, and banana peel, and determine the dyeing conditions of each dye based on color strength (K/S) values. Tannic acid and walnut shell powder were utilized as bio-mordants, and their effects on the dyeability of BC were compared to metallic mordants. Additionally, the type of mordant and the mordanting method were assessed according to their rubbing fastness and dry-cleaning fastness. The K/S values of the colorized and mordanted BCs were also compared to examine their mordanting conditions. Finally, the mordanting conditions for spinach, beet, and banana peel dyeing were selected as post-mordanting with tannic acid, meta-mordanting with tannic acid, and post-mordanting with walnut shell powder, respectively. Based on the results, the selected mordanting conditions improved both rubbing fastness and dry-cleaning fastness of BCs to grade 5, and the light fastness achieved grade 4-5. The tensile strength and flexibility of the dyed BCs were also enhanced and comparable to that of untreated cowhide leather.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제18권9호
• /
• pp.486-491
• /
• 2008

The effect of annealing treatment conditions on the interfacial adhesion energy between electrolessplated Ni film and polyimide substrate was evaluated using a $180^{\circ}$ peel test. Measured peel strength values are $26.9{\pm}0.8,\;22.4{\pm}0.8,\;21.9{\pm}1.5,\;23.1{\pm}1.3,\;16.1{\pm}2.0\;and\;14.3{\pm}1.3g/mm$ for annealing treatment times during 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 hours, respectively, at $200^{\circ}C$ in ambient environment. XPS and AES analysis results on peeled surfaces clearly reveal that the peeling occurs cohesively inside polyimide. This implies a degradation of polyimide structure due to oxygen diffusion through interface between Ni and polyimide, which is also closely related to the decrease in the interfacial adhesion energy due to thermal treatment in ambient conditions.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 1999

Cosmetic mask is one of the traditional cosmetic product and is used to keep skin healthy and beautiful through moisturizing effect, cleansing effect and acceleration effect on microcirculation. There are several types of cosmetic mask such as peel-off type, tissue-off type, wash-off type and cotton sheet type immersed in cosmetic water. It is important for cosmetic formulators to develop an adequate type of cosmetic mask that meets the needs of the target consumers because each type of cosmetic mask has benefits and problems in its usage and efficacy. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is widely used as an active ingredient of peel-off type cosmetic mask and the physical property of the PVA film changes with the usage of other ingredients. We studied the change of physical properties of the film containing PVA by formulating peel-off type cosmetic mask with the variation of humectants. Methylguceth-20 and glycereth-26 reduce the interaction between skin surface and PVA film without serious weakening of tensile strength and they can alleviate irritation. Glycerin, urea and betaine help PVA film soften and they also have excellent efficacy as humectants.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.397-406
• /
• 2002

감귤과피 분말을 l~5% 함유하는 물 균질액을 첨가한 빵의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 반죽의 pH는 첨가량이 증가할수록 낮아졌으며 산도는 반대로 높아졌다. 반죽의 부피와 빵의 loaf volume은 첨가량이 높아질수록 감소하였다. 3% 첨가빵의 total carotenoids, hesperidin 및 naringin 함량은 각각 0.14 mg%, 38.4 mg% 및 25.3 mg%이었다. 빵의 hardness는 감귤과피 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 높았다. 1%를 첨가한 경우의 strength는 대조군과 차이가 없었으며 그 이상으로 첨가할수록 높아졌다. Cohesiveness는 1% 첨가는 대조구와 차이가 보이지 않았으나 3~5% 첨가구는 크게 감소하였다. Springiness는 0, 1 및 3% 첨가는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았으나 5% 첨가군에서는 현저히 낮았다. 색상, 맛, 향, 씹힘성 및 종합적인 기호도로 평가한 결과 3% 첨가구가 가장 양호하였다.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한화장품학회 1999년도 IFSCC . ASCS 학술대회 발표 논문
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 1999

Cosmetic mask is one of the traditional cosmetic product and is used to keep skin healthy and beautiful through moisturizing effect, cleansing effect and acceleration effect on microcirculation. There are several types of cosmetic mask such as peel-off type, tissue-off type, wash-off type and cotton sheet type immersed in cosmetic water. It is important for cosmetic formulators to develop an adequate type of cosmetic mask that meets the needs of the target consumers because each type of cosmetic mask has benefits and problems in its usage and efficacy. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is widely used as an active ingredient of peel-off type cosmetic mask and the physical property of the PVA film changes with the usage of other ingredients. We studied the change of physical properties of the film containing PVA by formulating peel-off type cosmetic mask with the variation of humectants. Methylguceth-20 and glycereth-26 reduce the interaction between skin surface and PVA film without serious weakening of tensile strength and they can alleviate irritation. Glycerin, urea and betaine help PVA film soften and they also have excellent efficacy as humectants.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제19권11호
• /
• pp.625-630
• /
• 2009

Embedding of active devices in a printed circuit board has increasingly been adopted as a future electronic technology due to its promotion of high density, high speed and high performance. One responsible technology is to embedded active device into a dielectric substrate with a build-up process, for example a chipin-substrate (CiS) structure. In this study, desmear treatment was performed before Cu metallization on an FR-4 surface in order to improve interfacial adhesion between electroless-plated Cu and FR-4 substrate in Cu via structures in CiS systems. Surface analyses using atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy were systematically performed to understand the fundamental adhesion mechanism; results were correlated with peel strength measured by a 90o peel test. Interfacial bonding mechanism between electrolessplated Cu and FR-4 substrate seems to be dominated by a chemical bonding effect resulting from the selective activation of chemical bonding between carbon and oxygen through a rearrangement of C-C bonding rather than from a mechanical interlocking effect. In fact, desmear wet treatment could result in extensive degradation of FR-4 cohesive strength when compared to dry surface-treated Cu/FR-4 structures.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.24-30
• /
• 2007

Heat storage/release system in textile is a useful tool to increase energy efficiency and enhance comfortable microclimate of clothing. Phase change materials(PCM) are used in regulating storage and release properties of thermal energy. To investigate the temperature regulating ability of fabrics with PCM microcapsule(PCMMc), Nylon fabrics were coated with PCMMc via wet processing and they were characterized by SEM, DSC and infrared thermal analyzer. Also, water moisture transpiration, water penetration resistance, peel strength and washing durability of the fabrics were assessed. The water vapor permeation and water penetration resistance decreased with increasing PCMMc content. In DSC analysis, it can be seen that the microencapsulated fabric showed both exothermic md endothermic phenomena at specific temperature. Peel strength was decreased with increasing PCMMc content.

• 한국철도학회논문집
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 2010

본 연구에서는 직조된 탄소/에폭시 판재와 알루미늄 허니콤 심재를 갖는 샌드위치 복합소재 정사각 튜브의 압축하에서 허니콤 셀 크기의 효과를 규명하였다. 이를 위해, 4종류의 사각튜브가 제작되고 10mm/min의 준정적 하중하에서 200mm~250mm까지 압축하였다. 본 연구에서는 6.35mm와 9.53mm의 셀 크기를 갖는 알루미늄 허니콤에 사용되었다. 평균압축하중과 셀 크기의 관계가 규명되었고, 평균압축하중에 대한 판재와 허니콤의 접착강도(peel strength)와 리본방향의 등가탄성계수의 영향을 분석하였다.