• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.265-275
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• 1985

Present studies were carried out to investigate the distribution and formation of organic tiers contained paddy soils in Honam area characteristics to give basic informations on the effective utilization, management and improvement of the soils. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The extent of organic tiers contained paddy soils in Honam area were 6.538㏊ and the amount of peat deposits were presumed about 2.41 million M/T. 2. Out of the total extent of the organic tiers contained paddy soils, about 97.6% was distributed in Honam plains (water-sheds of Mangyeong-Dongjin river), while about 1.5% in the Naju plains (water-sheds of Yeongsan river), and 0.9% in the Wando and Yeocheon areas. 3. The period of peat formation was presumed to be about the early of Seung Moon period (B.C. 4,250), and the Gongdeog series and the Bongnam series were formed in the bog conditions close to the valley mouth of near rolling and hill with small steram channels, and the Gimje series was formed in the out-skirts plains of the Gongdeog and Bongnam soils. 4. In the casue of peat formation, it was presumed to be the Gimje series that accumulated the fibrous peat out of the autochthonous peat such as reeds and grasses etc, to be the Gongdeog and Bongnam series that accumulated the autochtonous peat and the xylem and fibrous peat out of first allochthonous peat. 5. In the Organic horizons of these soils, the range of muck and peat horizons were in 62-68cm and 68-137cm of soil profile in the Gongdeog series, 52-84cm and 84-113cm in the Bongnam series respectively, one of muck horizon was in 46-71cm in the Gimje series. 6. The marks of soil horizons of the soils were expressed that the lower soils than the horizon of muck and peat were formed Cg, Aag for the muck horizon, 0 for the peat horizon, 0 of peat horizon were distingushed with Oag and Oig according to Organic forms. 7. The depthe occurred the muck and peat horizons were positively correlated with the width of local in the Gongdeog series ($r=0.881^{**}$, $r=0.827^{**}$), but not in the Bongnam series and Gimje series.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to study the availability of Korean peat as a main carrier material of rhizobial inoculant, using the alfalfa strain Rhizobium meliloti M 14 which was isolated in the previous report. Modification of powdered peat with calcium carbonate and other materials was studied; inoculation of the peat with culture broth, maturation of the mixture under different conditions, and survival of the strain in the peat culture was examined. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Peat produced in Pyongtak was highly acidic, pH 3.8, and addition of calcium carbonate by 14% was required for pH adjustment to 6.4. However the amount of calcium carbonate could be reduced by 4 to 8% when carbon or charcoal was mixed with the peat. 2. Viable number of the strain reached to $7-9{\times}10^9cells/g$ after 3 days, when inoculated with the culture broth of early stationary growth phase and matured in unsteriled peat of open trays; and the number in steriled peat was $1.1-6.2{\times}10^{10}cells/g$ after 5 days, when matured in closed bottles. 3. Survival of the strain was affected markedly by storage temperature, and positive effect of D-sorbitol on the viability was recognized at elevated temperatures, when added as an additional carbon source and moistening agent. Glycerol, sorbitol, or sodium lactate was utilized by the strain as a sole source of carbon, and the decimal reduction time of viable number in the peat culture was was found to be 8 to 9 weeks at $25^{\circ}C$ when these agents were added by 0.5%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-190
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine effects of dietary herbaceous peat on in vitro fermentation and milk production in dairy cows. Ruminal pH, gas production, VFA (volatile fatty acid), Ammonia-N, and rumen degradability were examined by the addition of three times over 0, 1, and 5% herbaceous peat with substrate of timothy hay, and the change of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated. In 0, 3, 12 and 24 hours cultivation, all treatments did not show a significant difference but the control at 6 hours appeared significantly lower pH compared to 1 and 5% treatments (p<0.05). The gas production of the treatments significantly increased until 12 hours of cultivation compared to control (p<0.05), the rumen ammonia concentration showed a tendency to increase until 24 hours in all treatment groups, and there was no significant difference between treatments. About the rumen degradability, 5% treatment showed higher rumen degradability in all hours than control and 1% treatment (p<0.05). Meanwhile, for in vivo trial, 16 heads of Holstein lactation dairy cows were selected for experiment for four weeks in order to research the change of milk yield, milk compositions and change of somatic cell counts of lactation dairy cows by herbaceous peat feeding. The milk yield of vitamin C and herbaceous peat treatments (T3) was 25.0 kg but the control was 23.2 kg, herbaceous peat treatment (T1) was 23.1 kg, and vitamin C treatment (T2) was 23.4 kg, so there was linear increase effect of milk yield by T3. The partial significance of the milk (fat, milk protein, lactose, MUN and SNF) and change of somatic cell count before and after experiment by the control and treatments about change of milk and somatic cell counts (p<0.05) were recognized. About change of milk in the first half (1~2 weeks) and latter half (3~4 weeks) during four weeks of experiments period, the herbaceous peat supplement treatments showed a tendency of significant decrease of quality of milk protein and SNF. The control and treatments did not show significant change of blood nutrients (total protein, cholesterol, NEFA, BUN), liver function component (AST, GGT) and minerals (Ca, P, Mg) before and after experiment. In summary, it is judged that herbaceous peat feeding for lactation dairy cows would be recommendable based on the results of milk, somatic cell count physiologically.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.42-51
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• 2004

Peat humin(p-Humin), humic acid(p-HA) and fulvic acid(p-FA) were isolated from Canadian Sphagnum peat moss by dissolution in 0.1M NaOH followed by acid precipitation. After purification cycles, they are characterized for their elemental compositions and, acid/base properties. Functionalities and carbon structures of the humic fractions were also characterized using FT-IR and solid state $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy. Those results are compared with one another and with soil humic substances from literatures. Main purpose of this study was to present a chemical and spectroscopic characterization data of humic substance from peat moss needed to evaluate its environmental applicability. The relative proportions of the p-Humin, p-HA and p-FA in the peat moss was $76\%,\;18\%,\;and\;3\%$, respectively, based on the total organic matter content ($957{\pm}32\;g/kg$). Elemental composition of p-Humin were found to be $C_{1.00}H_{1.52}O_{0.79}N_{0.01}$ and had higher H/C and (N+O)/C ratio compared to those of p-HA($C_{1.00}H_{1.09}O_{0.51}N_{0.02}$) and p-FA($C_{1.00}H_{1.08}O_{0.65}N_{0.01}$). Based on the analysis of pH titration data, there are two different types of acidic functional groups in the peat moss and its humic fractions and their proton exchange capacities(PEC, meq/g) were in the order p-FA(4.91) >p-HA(4.09) >p-Humin(2.38). IR spectroscopic results showed that the functionalities of the peat moss humic molecules are similar to those of soil humic substances, and carboxylic acid(-COOH) is main function group providing metal binding sites for Cd(II) sorption. Spectral features obtained from $^{13}C$-NMR indicated that peat moss humic molecules have rather lower degree of humification, and that important structural differences exist between p-Humin and soluble humic fractions(p-HA and p-FA).

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.353-361
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• 2018

Fouling characteristics of humic substances on tight ultrafiltration (UF) membrane have been investigated. The tight UF membrane was prepared by blending polysulfone (PSf) in N.N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) with 25%wt of Polyethylene glycol (PEG400) and 4%wt of acetone. Fouling characteristic of the modified PSf membrane was observed during peat water filtration in different trans-membrane pressure (TMP). It was found that the acetone modified membrane provided 13% increase in TMP during five hours of peat water filtration, where a stable flux was reached within 150 minutes. Meanwhile, the increase of TMP from 10 psig to 30 psig resulted in a fouling resistance enhancement of 60%. Furthermore, based on the fouling analysis, fouling mechanism at the first phase of filtration was attributed to intermediate blocking while the second phase was cake formation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.155-159
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• 1968

On the extraction of humic acid from peat, the optimum conditions were studied and the effects of them on the characteristics of humic acid were also examined by means of infrared spectroscopy. 1. Pretreatment of peat with diluted 6-8% HCl solution for 5 hrs. prior to extraction with alcohol-benzol azeotropic mixture have resulted the better yield of humic acid. The water soluble Na-humates were obtained by the subsequent extraction with one hundred times quantity of caustic soda solutieon for 1hr. at 90 $^{\circ}C$. Thus the pure humic acids have been yielded approximately 40% (by wt.) from the raw peat. 2. In characteristics of humic acid, the chemical structure, mainly the contents of such functional groups as -COOH, -OH (phenol type), $-CH_2CO-$, $-CH_2{\cdot}O{\cdot}CH_2-$ and aromatic rings were varied according to the concentration of alkaline solution, temperature and time when the humic acids were extracted with alkali.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.92-95
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• 2002

Bioavailability study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between sorption/desorption and biodegradation of sorbed phenanthrene in seven different soils. Mineralization kinetics was determined for phenanthrene-sorbed soil slurries inoculated with Pseudomonas putida (ATCC strain 17484). Two biodegradation models were used to fit mineralization kinetics; (i) a first-order degradation model and (ii) a coupled degradation-desorption model. The biodegradation rates were in order of vermicompost >Bion peat > 50% organoclay > Pahokee > blank (no soil, medium only) > montmorillonite > Ohio shale. The mineralization rate constants increased as desorption-resistance of phenanthrene increased. Among the tested sorbents, active biodegradation of phenanthrene was observed in vermicompost and Bion peat. Biodegradation in these two sorbents exhibited little lag time and a high maximum mineralized capacity. The role of sorption/desorption in bioavailability of phenanthrene sorbed in soils was discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.122-125
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• 2004

본 연구는 친환경적 유기흡착제로서 휴믹물질의 활용성을 평가하기 위한 기초 연구로서 Peat moss에서 추출된 불용성 휴믹성분인 피트휴민(p-Humin)을 충진한 컬럼을 이용하여 카드뮴과 구리이온에 대한 파과곡선을 얻었고, 각 금속이온에 대한 제거능을 비교해 보았다. 카드뮴의 경우, 파과시간은 7.5 hr, 77 BV로 나타났으며, 구리의 경우, 7.3 hr, 76 BV으로 나타났다. Thomas model로부터 구한 최대 흡착량은 구리가 44.66 mg/g로 카드뮴의 41.61 mg/g보다 높게 나타났다. 0.05 N HNO$_3$를 이용한 탈질실험 결과, 각 중금속에 대한 회수율은 95% 이상으로 높았다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.391-394
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• 2003

The applicability of in situ microbial filter or biobarrier technology for the remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents was investigated. The efficiency and rates of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents are known to be highly dependent on hydrogen concentration. In this study, the effect of electron donors on the reductive dechlorination of PCE was investigated using vermicompost (worm casting) and peat as permeable reactive barrier medium The effect of organic acids (lactate, butyrate and benzoate), yeast extract and vitamin $B_{l2}$ on the reductive dechlorination was investigated. Compared to the control (no electron donor added), addition of electron donors stimulated the dechlorinated rate. Among the electron donor treatments, lactate/benzoate amendment exhibited the highest dechlorination rate. Since vermicompost and peat are inexpensive and biodegradable and have high sorption capacity, they could be successfully used as biobarrier media, especially when electron donors (for example, lactate/benzoate) are added.d.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.103-107
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• 2010

Oil degradation agent was developed with organic sludge and modified peat moss (MPM) to recover oil contaminated soil. Waste sludge discharged from wastewater treatment plant of chemical plant in Ulsan National Industrial Park was used as organic sludge, and MPM was purchased. Organic sludge was adequate to use as growth medium for microorganism, the surface of MPM had porous structure which could enhance the cultivation condition of oil degradation microorganisms. Water contents and TPH variation with time were observed to investigate the degradation capacity of developed degradation agent. Water contents were rapidly decreased with higher contents of MPM, however, in case of TPH, high MPM content decreased the degradation capacity. Therefore, it was recommended that the content of MPM was controlled to below 10% in degradation agent as mixing organic sludge with MPM.